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54.The bottom of the bankin the shallow part of your pondand along the sides should be about 1 metrefrom the upper end and sidesof the small square.55.The bottom of the bankin the deepest part of your pondshould be about 2 metresfrom the lower endof the small square.56.Now mark out a third smaller areain the centre of your pond,about 12 by 13 metres.We will call this the central area.Mark the corners with pegsand run a string between the pegsto show wherethe bottom of the banks will be.\\it,11,, .1\111 57.Be sure that all the pegs and stringsmarking the 21-'-metre square,the 15-metre squareand the central areaare set up in the wayshown in the drawings.22

58.Now you are readyto begin digging out soilfrom inside the central areato build the banks of your pond.59.Ask your neighbours to help youto dig your big pond.Then you can help them in turnto dig their ponds.·.,;, .·60.Shared work is lighter work.When we work togetherwith our neighbours,the work is easier and better.61.Begin digging at the 1-metre stringmarking the central areaat the upper end of your pond.Dig about 20 centimetres deep.As you dig toward the lower end,dig a little deeper.When you get to the deepest part,at the 2-metre stringmarking the central area,you should be diggingabout 30 centimetres deep.23

62.As you dig out the soil,put it betweenthe 15 by 15-metre squareand the 21 by 21-metre squarewhere the banks will be.Put it nearest to where you are digging.This way, the bankswill be higher and wideras you move toward the lower end.put soil on63.When you come to roots,take away as much of themas you can.64.Whenever the loose soilyou put on the banksreaches half as high as your knees,pack it down tightly.You can do thisby beating the soil with a heavy plank,a length of tree trunkor an earth tamper.24

65.When you are digging,keep the slope of the pond bottomas regular as you can.It should slope gently downfrom the upper end to the deepest part.The bottom of the pondshould have slopeslike those in the drawings.66.Begin againto dig soil out of the central area.Dig 20 more centimetres from the upper endand 30 more centimetres from the deepest part.Put the soil on the banksand pack it down tightly as before.put soil on banks67.Now begin again,for the third and last time,to dig soil out of the central area.Dig 20 more centimetres from the upper endand 30 more centimetres from the deepest part.Put the soil on the banksand pack it down tightly.25

68.When you have finisheddigging out the central areaand you have put on the banksall the soil that you have taken out,you will have a hole 12 by 13 metreswith straight sides.Now it is time to shape the banks69.Dig the soil awayfrom the edges of the central areato form the slope of the banks.Put this soil on top of the banksand pack it down tightly.dig soil awayshape banks -to70.The inside of the banksshould slope less steeplythan the outside.The drawing shows youwhat the banks should look likewhen they are finished.inside banks slope less26

71.The top of the banksshould be about 1 .5 metres wideand should be straight and flatall the way around the pond.1.50m72.Put the 20 centimetres of topsoilyou took away when you began diggingon the top and outer sides of the banks.Plant grass on the banks.Banks covered with grass last longer.73.The bottom of your pond should beabout 1.1 O metres from the top of the banksat the shallow upper endand about 1 .40 metres from the top of the banksat the deepest part.74.Be sure that the bottom of the pondis fairly smooth and regular.27

75.Now dig a ditchin the bottom of the pondfrom the centre to the lower end.The ditch should beabout 50 centimetres wideand about 20 centimetres deep.This ditch will helpto drain out all the waterwhen you empty your pond. outfe( . · ·. . 'i, ,,.0--.l\,l ·· .76.When the ditch is finished,remove all loose soil and other trashfrom the bottom of the pond.6.c. -77.Now you are readyto install your inlet,outlet and overflow.28" .

The inlet78.You will need an inletto let water into your pondwhen you want to fill it.79.You should place the inletat the point nearest to the water supply.Most often this will be at or nearthe upper end of your pond.80.Your inlet can be madefrom a piece of heavy bambooor a pipe of plastic or metal.The inlet pipe should beabout 10 centimetres in diameter.I·81.The inlet pipe should be long enoughto reach through the top of the bankfrom one side to the other.You will need a pipe about 3 metres longto reach through the bankat the upper end of your pond.29

82.Now dig a gap in the bankwhere you want the inlet to be.It should be a little above the water-levelon the inside of your pondand a little below the level of the waterwhich flows from the sourceon the outside of your pond.top ofbanklevel of waterfrom sourcewater-levelin pond83.Put the inlet pipein the gap in the bankand rebuild the bank over it.84.You can also make an inletby cutting a shallow trenchthrough the bankto let the water into the pond.85.If you use a shallow trenchto get water into your pond,you can improve itand keep it from washing awayby using a trough of roofing metalto line the bottom of the trench. : ··:··:.-. :·. '-- ·--:. ,::.30,, ,,---,- . :

The outlet86.You will need an outletto let water out of your pondwhen you want to empty it.87.You should place the outletat the bottom of the bankat the lower end of your pondat the deepest part.88.The outlet can be madefrom a piece of heavy bambooor a pipe of plastic or metal.The outlet pipe should beabout 1 O centimetres in diameter.The bank of your pondis much wider at the lower endthan at the upper end,so the outlet pipewill have to be longerthan the inlet pipe.iJ;, .i.iimi.m .89.--·---- ;.,. . ;,,.;:The outlet pipe should be long enoughto reach through the bottom of the bankfrom one side to the other.You will need a pipe about 6.5 metres longto reach through the bankat the lower end of your pond.31

90.If you cannot get a pipethat is long enough to go through the bank,you can join shorter pieces of pipe togetherusing straight pieces of pipelike the ones in the drawing.91.If you are using bamboo,you can join short pieces of bamboo togetherwith pieces of smaller bamboo in the centre,but the smaller pieces should beat least 8 to 9 centimetres in diameter.Wrap the bamboo jointswith rope and close them with tarto keep water from seeping out.rope32tar

92.Now dig a gap in the bankwhere you want the outlet to be.It should reach from the deepest parton the inside of the pondthrough the bankto the outside of the pond.93.If the outlet pipeis below ground levelon the outside of the pond,you will have to dig a ditchto take the water away from the outlet.top ofbank94.Put the outlet pipein the gap in the bankand rebuild the bank over it.95.If you use an outletof about 1 O centimetres in diameter,it will take about half a dayto empty your pond.96.It is easier to place the outletwhere you want it to bebefore you dig out the centre of the pondand build the banks.When you build another pond,you will understand thisand you will be able to do itwhen you are building the banks.But now, when you are building your first pond,you should place the outletin the way you have just learnedin this bookletbecause it is easier to understand.33

A better outlet97If you use a plastic or metal pipefor the outlet of your pond,you can make it betterby putting an upright length of pipeon the end of the outletusing an Lor a T piecelike the ones in the drawing.Close the T piece with a plug as shown.outletI98.Put the Lor T piece and the upright pipeon the end of the outlet outside the pond,but protect it so that it cannot be reachedby animals or other people.99.The top of the upright pipeshould reach about 3 to 5 centimetresabove the water-level of your pond.If the water rises above this level,it will overflow from the upright pipe . 3 to 5 cmabove pondwater-levelwater-level- - - ,in pond34

100.Tie the upright pipe to a polewhich has been pounded into the groundso that it will not slip downand let the water out of the pondbefore you want it to.101.When you want to let out the water,untie the upright pipeand push it down.The water will then flow out of the pond.102.There is still another wayto let water out of your pond,using a siphon.You will learn how to use a siphonin Items 114-124.The overflow103.If there is too much water in your pond,some of the water may flow over the banks.This may wash the banks awayand some of your fish may get out.104.You can use an overflowto keep the water in your pondfrom rising over the banks.35

105.The better outletyou learned about in Items 97-101will act as an overflow.106.If you use a straight pipe outletor a siphonto let water out of your pond,you will need another kind of overflow.107.This kind of overflow can be madefrom a piece of barn booor a pipe of plastic or metal.The overflow pipe should beabout 6 centimetres in diameter.108.The overflow pipe should be long enoughto reach through the top of the bankfrom the inside of the pondto a place far enough on the outsideto keep overflow waterfrom washing away the bank.You will need a pipe about 4.5 metres longto do this.109.If you cannot get a pipethat is long enough,join short pieces of pipe or bamboo together.(see Items 90 and 91 ).110.It is best to place your overflowin the bankat the lower end of your pondright above the outletso that the water that overflowscan run off in the outlet ditch.36

111.If you are going to put the overflowover the outlet,you can put it in the same gapthat you dug for the outlet in Item 92.The water-line should beabout 50 centimetresbelow the top of the bank,so put your overflow thereas you rebuild the bank.112.If you are going to put the overflowin another place,you will have to dig another gap in the bankabout 50 centimetres deep.113.When the pond is full,the overflow will keep the waterabout 60 centimetres deepat the shallow upper endand about 90 centimetres deepat the deepest part.37

A siphon114.You can also use a siphonto empty your pond.If you use a siphon,you will not need an outletbut you will need an overflowlike the one described in Items 103-113.115.A siphon is a simple tubethat runs from the inside of the pondover the bankand lies on the ground outside the pond.116.A siphon can be madeof plastic or rubber tubingat least 3 centimetres in diameter.117.The siphon must be long enoughto reach from the deepest part of the pond,run over the top of the bankand down the outside of the bank.You will need a siphon about 8 metres longto reach over the top of the bankfrom the deep part to the outside.118.When you are ready to empty your pond,put all of the siphon into the pond.It will fill with water.Be sure the tube is full of waterfrom one end to the other.If the siphon is not full of water,it will not work.38

119.While the siphon is still in the water,close one end of the tube with a plugand leave the other end open.120.Leave the open end .of the siphonbelow the surface of the water.You can use stonesto hold the siphon under the water,but be sure that they are not so heavythat the water will be shut off.121.Take the other end of the siphon,which is closed with the plug,over the top of the bankand put it on the ground outside the pond.39

If the ground on the outside of the pondis higher than the pond bottom at the deepest part,you will have to dig a ditchso that the end of the siphonon the outside of the pondwill be lower than the end of the siphonin the pond.The ditch will also take the water awaywhen you empty your pond.122.Now, take the plug out of the siphon.If the end on the outsideis lower than the end in the pondand if the end in the pondis under water,water will start to flow through the tubeand out of your pond.123.If the end of the siphonin the pondcomes to the surface,the water may stop flowing.If this happens,put the siphon into the pondto fill it with waterand begin again.124.It will take a lot more timeto empty a pond with a siphonthan with an outlet.If you use a siphonof about 3 centimetres in diameter,it will take about three daysto empty your pond.40

Screens125.Your inlet should have a screento keep out wild fish, dirt and trashwhen you fill the pond.126.If you fill your pondwith an inlet trench,it should have a screen, too.127.A siphon, which is very small,usually does not have a screen.128.Your outlet should have a screento keep your fish from getting awaywhen you empty your pond.129.Your overflow should have a screento keep your fish from getting awaywhen the pond is too fulland the water begins to overflow.41

130.You can easily make screensfor your inlet, outlet and overflowfrom fine-mesh plastic or metalor from a tin with holes in the end.131.Screens should be placedoutside the pond on the inlet pipeand inside the pondon the outlet and overflow pipes.place inlet screenoutside the pondplace outlet and overflow screensinside the pond·132.This will keep the pipesfrom filling with trashwhich could stop the flow of water.133.Lash the screens tightly in placeon the pipes,using heavy cord or light wire.lash with cord or wireplastic or metal screentin with holeslash with cord or wire42

134.If you fill your pondby cutting a trench through the bank,you can screen the openingusing a fish trap! split and woven bamboo,a clay pot with holes in the bottomor a piece of metal roofing with holes,as you did in Booklet No. 27, page 21.135.When you are filling or emptying your pond,clean the· screens often.If you do not do this,dirt and leaves will cover them upand the water will not flow.136.This book has told youhow to build a bigger pondand how to build it better.137.Now that your new pond is built,you will have to learn more.You will .need to learn138. how to fill your pond with water how to fertilize your pond about the fishyou will put into your pond how to feed your fish every day how to care for your fish how to harvest your fishThe next booklet in this series,Booklet No. 30, Better freshwater fish farming:the fish, will help you.43

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2. The plant: the stem; the buds; the leaves 3. The plant: the flower 4. The soil: how the soil 1s made up 5. The soil: how to conserve the soil 6. The soil: how to improve the soil 7. Crop farming 8. Animal husbandry: feeding and care of animals 9. Animal husbandry: animal diseases; how animals reproduce SECOND YEAR 10. The farm business .