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edHelperName:The Brothers GrimmBy Brenda B. CovertYou are surely familiar with the tales of Cinderella, Snow White, Rapunzel,Little Red Riding Hood, Hansel and Gretel, and Rumpelstiltskin. They are part ofa collection known as Grimm's Fairy Tales. These stories and others like themwere collected - not created - by Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm.The Grimm brothers were born in Hanau, Germany. Jacob was born in 1785.Wilhelm greeted the world a year later on February 24, 1786. They were the oldestsurviving children in the Grimm family. Of nine children born, only six lived.While Wilhelm was usually in poor health, he was nonetheless more lively andoutgoing than his older brother Jacob. Their father, a town clerk, died when theboys were young. Their mother struggled to raise her children alone. With the helpof an aunt, the boys were able to study law at a university.Literature appealed to both of them. Wilhelm was the literary critic of the two.Jacob preferred to study the origin of words. As a philologist, he studied literatureand his native German language. Both men served as librarians and professors atone time or another as they continued their scholarly work. They also involvedthemselves in the politics of the day. Wilhelm married a childhood friend named Dorothea in 1825, while Jacobremained single. He became the uncle of Wilhelm's three sons.The brothers had begun to collect German folktales in 1806. They did this by listening to storytellers andwriting what they heard. Their first book of tales was published in 1812. At the time, they were in their 20's andsurviving on one meal a day. By 1822 they had put together three more volumes of folktales, and we can assumethat they were able to enjoy three meals a day.It may be hard to believe, but the Grimm brothers' first books weren't meant for children. The stories weren'tillustrated, and even worse, long informative footnotes took up space with each tale! When they discovered thatparents wanted copies of the folktales for their children, the two brothers gave a third brother, artist Ludwig EmilGrimm, the job of drawing illustrations for their next edition. Wilhelm also edited the tales to make them fit for ayounger audience. Originally, more violent and otherwise shocking behavior was displayed in many of the stories.The second edition of the folktale collection explained that many of the German folktales had ties to othercountries such as Ireland, Finland, Russia, and Japan. For example, 500 versions of the classic tale called"Cinderella" have been found in Europe alone, with other versions appearing in Africa and even in the U.S.A.!All seem to have evolved from a story from 9th century China. The version that became a Disney film came fromFrance.Wilhelm Grimm continued to edit and re-do the tales until the final edition was published in 1857. That editioncontained two hundred stories and also ten tales called "Children's Legends." It became the best known and mostinfluential book ever created in the German language. Perhaps it was only his death in 1859 at the age of 73 thatprevented Wilhelm from editing it further. Jacob Grimm died four years later. Between them they had publishedmore than thirty-five books.One project that the brothers were unable to finish was the writing of the German Dictionary. It was begun in1840. They made it from A - F before their deaths. This project was eventually finished by others in 1954 - nearlyone hundred years later!Perhaps you would like to revisit your favorite folk or fairytale. Read different versions of it from around theworld. Find out what elements remain the same. What elements change? You may be inspired to write your ownversion of the story!edhelper.com)LIWK *UDGH 5HDGLQJ &RPSUHKHQVLRQ DQG 0DWK
edHelperName:The Brothers GrimmQuestions1. The Grimm brothers made their mark on society in what century?A. 19th centuryB. 18th centuryC. 20th centuryD. 17th century2. Who illustrated the second edition of folktales?A. Ludwig GrimmB. Wilhelm GrimmC. Dorothea GrimmD. Jacob Grimm3. What can we surmise from the claim that the Grimms ate only one meal a day?A. They were poor at the time.B. It was a really big meal.C. German food didn't appeal to them.D. It was a European custom.4. According to paragraph 3, what is a philologist?A. a person who loves to study wordsB. a person who loves peopleC. a person who loves philosophyD. a person who loves to criticize in other languages5. What caused the Grimm brothers to include illustrations in their books?A. The need to include another family member in the processB. The public's desire for child-friendly editionsC. Their work as librarians and professorsD. Their need to make the books more interesting6. The final edition of Grimm's Fairy Tales:A. was unedited from the original sourcesB. became the best known book from GermanyC. included seven legendsD. was completed by others in 19547. Which project took more than 100 years to complete?A. collecting all the versions of the Cinderella storiesB. writing a German DictionaryC. editing the German folktalesD. creating a Disney film of the fairy tales8. The Cinderella story originated in:A. GermanyB. ChinaC. FranceD. Americaedhelper.com)LIWK *UDGH 5HDGLQJ &RPSUHKHQVLRQ DQG 0DWK
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edHelperName:ExodustersBy Sharon FabianWhat would you do? Suppose you had been waiting your whole life for freedom. Then, when freedom finallycame, something was still very wrong. You couldn't enjoy your freedom because a new kind of persecution wastaking place. This is what happened with many former slaves who lived in the South after the Civil War. Statesand communities had passed new laws that took away their rights. The Ku Klux Klan was spreading terror.For these African-Americans, the South was not the place to start a new life. So, when they saw BenjaminSingleton's posters and handbills, they took note. These advertisements promoted new communities in the Westwhere former slaves could take advantage of the 160 acres of free land promised by the Homestead Act. Manydecided that this was the opportunity they had been waiting for.Families packed up their belongings and boarded a train or a covered wagon bound for the Great Plains. Theirroute took them across the Mississippi River and into the Midwest. Just like the Israelites in the Bible story of theExodus, they were headed for a Promised Land, so they became known as the Exodusters.Their journey was not easy. Travel by train or wagon train was both slow and dangerous at that time. Thetravelers might be attacked by outlaws or by Indians. Weather might cause a long delay. When their vehicle brokedown, there was no place to go for a repair. These travelers were pioneers; they had to rely on themselves foreverything. Once they came to the end of the railroad line, train travelers often faced a long journey on foot.When they finally arrived, each family claimed their plot of land and began preparing their soil for farming.This was a difficult job on the hard, dry, dusty prairie. Supplies were often scarce. Out on the frontier, farmerscould not run to the store whenever they needed tools to work the land or seeds to plant. Money was in shortsupply, too.Gradually, the settlers built up new communities. They built stores and other businesses. They organizedschools and churches.One Exoduster community was Nicodemus, the first African-American settlement in Kansas. By 1880,Nicodemus had a population of about 500 residents. It had three general stores and a dry goods store. Nicodemusalso had a bank, two hotels, a newspaper, and three churches. But this was just the beginning. Nicodemuscontinued to grow as more and more former slaves heard about the opportunities in the Midwest and becameExodusters. By 1887, Nicodemus was a thriving town where you could watch the local baseball team play andstop at the ice cream parlor for a treat after the game.At the same time that Nicodemus was being settled, so were other Exoduster towns across the Midwest. Somegrew and prospered, and others soon became ghost towns, just like many other boomtowns of the time. A lotdepended on the railroad. Towns that could attract a railroad line had the best chance of survival. Nicodemus,because it did not get a railroad line, eventually went back to being a very small town. It still exists today as ahistoric site that commemorates the pioneering spirit of the Exodusters.ExodustersQuestions1. This article is mainly about .A. the MidwestB. African-American pioneer communitiesC. why the town of Nicodemus didn't get a railroadD. wagon trainsedhelper.com)LIWK *UDGH 5HDGLQJ &RPSUHKHQVLRQ DQG 0DWK
edHelperName:2. The Exodusters moved from the .A. MidwestB. NorthC. NortheastD. South3. The Exodusters moved to the .A. MidwestB. NortheastC. NorthD. South4. The posters and handbills mentioned in this article were .A. art projectsB. building materialsC. advertisementsD. none of the above5. Which happened first?A. The Revolutionary WarB. the Civil WarC. Exodusters moved to the MidwestD. World War II6. The was an important factor in the success of prairie towns in the 1800s.A. automobileB. steamboatC. railroadD. airplane7. All of the following are reasons why the Exodusters moved to the Midwest, except .A. laws that took away their rightsB. Ku Klux Klan activitiesC. the Homestead ActD. the invention of the automobile8. Nicodemus was a .A. salesmanB. farmC. settlerD. town6NHWFK DQ DFXWH DQJOH QDPHG %&' 6NHWFK DQ REWXVH DQJOH QDPHG %& :KDW NLQG RI DQJOH KDV D PHDVXUH RI EHWZHHQ R DQG R "ZRUG URRW HOHJ FDQ PHDQ VHOHFWedhelper.comHOHJDQW HOHFWLRQ)LIWK *UDGH 5HDGLQJ &RPSUHKHQVLRQ DQG 0DWK
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edHelperName:A Tree on Your PlateBy Colleen MessinaDinner gives you a chance to have many things on your plate. You can havemountains of mashed potatoes. You can have gravy lakes. But did you know youcan also have a green forest, too? I am a vegetable that looks like a little tree. Ihave a sturdy stalk. I have a top that looks round and green. I look like a happytree full of leaves in summer. I am bright green when I am cooked just right. I canbe steamed or boiled. I get soggy and dull if I am overcooked. Some people likebutter on me. One president did not like to eat me. He said, "I do not like ,and I haven't liked it since I was a little kid, and my mother made me eat it. NowI'm President of the United States, and I'm not going to eat any more ."You can ask your parents or teachers to help you figure out what goes in thoseblanks! What am I?A Tree on Your PlateQuestions1. The phrase "I look like a happy tree full of leaves" is an example of which of the following?A. synonymB. antonymC. simileD. metaphor2. In this paragraph, how are mashed potatoes described?A. as a mountainB. as a pileC. as a messD. none of the above3. One president did not like this vegetable.A. falseB. true4. What kind of vegetable is described in this paragraph?edhelper.com)LIWK *UDGH 5HDGLQJ &RPSUHKHQVLRQ DQG 0DWK
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edHelperName:Election IssuesBy Cindy GriggIn November 2008 there will be an election. Voters will choose anew president. How does a voter decide whom to vote for? They listento what each candidate has said about the issues.One of the big issues is the war in Iraq. Many people want ourtroops to come home right now. They want our soldiers to be safe.They think Iraq should take care of itself. They think the war is costingthe United States too much money. Other people think that Iraq needsour help. They think the United States should help weaker countries.Another issue is health. Many people cannot afford to go to thedoctor when they get sick. Many people cannot get health insurance.They think the government should help. They think every Americanshould be able to go to a doctor when he or she is sick. But how shouldit be handled? Who will pay for it? These are things that must beworked out.There are many people coming to America. They come to find work. They are looking for a better life. Theysneak into the United States. These people are illegal immigrants. They did not ask permission to come here.Some American citizens think that they are stealing jobs from Americans. They think the government should dosomething to stop them from sneaking into our country. Some people think we should put up fences. They thinkwe need more border guards. Other people think the U.S. should help these people enter our country legally. Theythink they will help make our country better. What do you think?Our economy is another big issue. Should the new president raise taxes to pay for things like health care? Orshould the new president cut taxes? Should the new president allow more foreign goods into our country? Orshould we make more of our goods in this country? Should the government spend more or less? All these thingsaffect our economy. It affects how much money families have to spend for the things they need. Each candidatehas different ideas about all of these things.The environment is another issue. You have probably heard talk on the news about global warming. Shouldthe United States make changes to help the environment? What changes should be made? How will these changesaffect people's jobs, health, and the economy? All of these things must be weighed. The new president will haveto decide what changes must be made to slow global warming. There will be many people who will not want anychanges to be made. They think it might hurt the economy. They think things will be all right if no changes aremade. Other people think the United States must be a leader in saving the environment. They think that we shoulddo more than other countries because we have so much more. They say that changes must be made before it is toolate.How is a voter to know the best candidate to vote for? Voters should vote for the candidate that they believewill do the best job on the issues the voter cares the most about.edhelper.com)LIWK *UDGH 5HDGLQJ &RPSUHKHQVLRQ DQG 0DWK
edHelperName:Election IssuesQuestions1. When will voters choose a new president?A. November 2008B. June 2008C. January 20092. What is one reason people want to end the war in Iraq?A. They think the U.S. should help weaker countries.B. They think Iraq needs help.C. They think the war costs too much money.3. Some people think everyone should be able to when they are sick.4. What are illegal immigrants?A. People who have come to this country without permissionB. People who have come to this country to help the governmentC. People who have come to this country looking for jobs5. How do taxes and government spending affect families?A. It affects how much money families earn.B. It affects how much money families have to spend for the things they need.C. It affects how much money families can save.6. Why do some people NOT want changes made to help the environment?A. They think it will be all right if no changes are made.B. They think the U.S. should be a leader.:ULWH DV D GHFLPDO (VWLPDWH TXLFNO\ WKH GLIIHUHQFH :ULWH DV D GHFLPDO :ULWH DV D GHFLPDO RZ PXFK PRQH\ LV TXDUWHU GLPH QLFNHO DQG SHQQLHV"edhelper.com XPP\ 'RQXWV JDYH WKUHH GR]HQ FKRFRODWH GRQXWV DQG VL[ GR]HQ MHOO\ GRQXWV WR WKH VFKRRO RZ PDQ\ GRQXWV GLG WKH\ JLYH")LIWK *UDGH 5HDGLQJ &RPSUHKHQVLRQ DQG 0DWK
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edHelperName:America's First Women DentistsBy Joyce FurstenauLucy Hobbs Taylor was the first woman to graduate from dental school with adegree in dentistry. She was born in New York in 1833. This was a time in historywhere women's roles were generally limited to being a mother, teacher, or nurse.After graduating high school, Lucy taught school for ten years in Michigan. In1859, she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, where she applied to the College ofMedicine. She was turned down because of her gender. She was determined,however, and took up private studies with one of the professors there. It was hissuggestion that Lucy try the field of dentistry.Lucy decided to apply to the school of dentistry. Once again, because of hergender, she was turned down. But she was determined, so she once again took upprivate studies with the dean of Ohio College of Dental Surgery. Without thebenefit of a degree, in the spring of 1861 Lucy opened her own practice inCincinnati where she was known as "the woman who pulls teeth." (People wereallowed to practice dentistry without a degree at that time as long as a regulardentist supervised them.) After four years, Lucy finally proved herself worthy toher male colleagues. The Iowa State Dental Society accepted her as a member in 1865. Later that year, she wasadmitted to the senior class of the Ohio College of Dental Surgery. Lucy received credit for her years of serviceand received her doctorate in dentistry in February of 1866. Thus, Lucy Hobbs became the first woman in U.S.history to earn a doctorate in dentistry.While Lucy Hobbs was the first woman to earn her degree in dentistry, Emeline Roberts is often consideredthe first woman dentist. At the age of seventeen Emeline Roberts married a dentist, Dr. Daniel A. Jones ofDanielson, Connecticut, in 1854. Emeline was so interested in his work that she began to assist him. She began tostudy the science of dentistry at night. She became his partner in 1859. After he died in 1864, she carried on hispractice for sixty years. This earned Emeline Roberts the right to the title of being first woman dentist in America.Today, women dentists are accepted on equal terms with men. The American Association of Women Dentistswas founded in 1893 with thirty-two members. There are thousands of women dentists practicing today.America's First Women DentistsQuestions1. Why was Lucy Taylor's application to medical school turned down?A. She was too short.B. She was too old.C. She didn't have good grades.2. Why was Lucy Taylor's application to dental school turned down?edhelper.com)LIWK *UDGH 5HDGLQJ &RPSUHKHQVLRQ DQG 0DWK
edHelperName:3. What did Lucy Taylor do to pursue her goal of becoming a dentist?A. She went to Europe
"Cinderella" have been found in Europe alone, with other versions appearing in Africa and even in the U.S.A.! All seem to have evolved from a story from 9th century China. The version that became a Disney film came from France. Wilhelm Grimm continued to edit and re-do the tales until the final edition was published in 1857. That edition
