Transcription
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8684-X FM.F2/14/012:50 PMPage iCliffs Advanced Placement CliffsAP Chemistry3RD EDITIONbyGary S. Thorpe, M.S.ConsultantJerry Bobrow, Ph.D.HUNGRY MINDS, INC.New York, NYCleveland, OHIndianapolis, INChicago, ILFoster City, CASan Francisco, CA
8684-X FM.F2/14/012:50 PMPage iiAbout the AuthorPublisher’s AcknowledgmentsGary S. Thorpe has taught AP Chemistry and gifted programsfor over twenty-five years. He currently teaches chemistry atBeverly Hills High School, Beverly Hills, California.EditorialProject Editor: Donna WrightAuthor’s AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank my wife, Patti, and my two daughters,Krissi and Erin, for their patience and understanding while Iwas writing this book. Special thanks also goes to Dr. NormJuster, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, U.C.L.A., Dr. JerryBobrow of Bobrow Test Preparation Services, and ChristopherBushee for their input, proofreading, and suggestions.CliffsAP Chemistry, 3rd EditionPublished byHungry Minds, Inc.909 Third AvenueNew York, NY 10022Acquisitions Editor: Sherry GomollTechnical Editor: Christopher BusheeProductionProofreader: Joel K. DraperHungry Minds Indianapolis Production ServicesNote: If you purchased this book without a cover,you should be aware that this book is stolen property.It was reported as “unsold and destroyed” to thepublisher, and neither the author nor the publisherhas received any payment for this “stripped right 2001 Gary S. Thorpe. All rights reserved. No part of this book, including interior design, cover design, and icons, may be reproduced or transmitted inany form, by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher.Library of Congress Control Number: 00-054070ISBN: 0-7645-8684-XPrinted in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 13B/SX/QS/QR/INDistributed in the United States by Hungry Minds, Inc.Distributed by CDG Books Canada Inc. for Canada; by Transworld Publishers Limited in the United Kingdom; by IDG Norge Books for Norway; by IDG SwedenBooks for Sweden; by IDG Books Australia Publishing Corporation Pty. 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Table of ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiStudy Guide Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixFormat of the AP Chemistry Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiSection I: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiSection II: Free-Response (Essay) Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiTopics Covered by the AP Chemistry Exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiiPART I: INTRODUCTIONQuestions Commonly Asked About the AP Chemistry Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Strategies for Taking the AP Chemistry Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Section I: The Multiple-Choice Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6The “Plus-Minus” System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6The Elimination Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Section II: The Free-Response (Essay) Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Methods for Writing the Essays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8The Restatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Four Techniques for Answering Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8The Chart Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9The Bullet Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10The Outline Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12The Free Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Mathematical Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Significant Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Logs and Antilogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Scientific Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Rounding Off Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Mathematics Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Answers to Mathematics Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20PART II: SPECIFIC TOPICSGravimetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Thermochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
CliffsAP Chemistry, 3rd EditionThe Gas Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Electronic Structure of Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Ionic Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Liquids and Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165iv
Table of ContentsEnergy and Spontaneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Reduction and Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Organic Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Nuclear Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Samples: Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Samples: Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Writing and Predicting Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215PART III: AP CHEMISTRY LABORATORY EXPERIMENTSLaboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231The Laboratory Notebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Experiment 1: Determination of the Empirical Formula of a Compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Experiment 2: Determination of the Percentage of Water in a Hydrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Experiment 3: Determination of Molar Mass by Vapor Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Experiment 4: Determination of Molecular Mass by Freezing-Point Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Experiment 5: Determination of the Molar Volume of a Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246Experiment 6: Standardization of a Solution Using a Primary Standard andExperiment 7: Determination of Concentration by Acid-Base Titration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Experiment 8: Determination of Concentration by Oxidation-Reduction Titration andan Actual Student Lab Write-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253A Sample Lab Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256Post-Lab: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Experiment 9: Determination of Mass and Mole Relationship in a Chemical Reaction . . . . . . . . 261Experiment 10 A: Determination of the Equilibrium Constant, Ka, for a Chemical Reaction . . . . 264Experiment 10 B: Determination of the Equilibrium Constant, Ksp, for a Chemical Reaction . . . . 267Experiment 10 C: Determination of the Equilibrium Constant, Kc, for a Chemical Reaction . . . . 270Experiment 11: Determination of Appropriate Indicators for Various Acid-Base Titrations andExperiment 19: Preparation and Properties of Buffer Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272Experiment 12: Determination of the Rate of a Reaction and Its Order andan Actual Student Lab Write-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278A Sample Lab Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282Experiment 13: Determination of Enthalpy Changes Associated with a Reaction andHess’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288Experiment 14: Separation and Qualitative Analysis of Cations and Anions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292Experiment 15: Synthesis of a Coordination Compound and Its Chemical Analysis andExperiment 17: Colorimetric or Spectrophotometric Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296v
CliffsAP Chemistry, 3rd EditionExperiment 16: Analytical Gravimetric Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302Experiment 18: Separation by Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304Experiment 20: Determination of Electrochemical Series andExperiment 21: Measurements Using Electrochemical Cells and Electroplating . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307Experiment 22: Synthesis, Purification and Analysis of an Organic Compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314PART IV: AP CHEMISTRY PRACTICE TESTPractice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323Section I (Multiple-Choice Questions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323Section II (Free-Response Questions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348Answers and Explanations for the Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Answer Key for the Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Section I (Multiple-Choice Questions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Predicting Your AP Score . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354Answers and Explanations for the Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355Section I (Multiple-Choice Questions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355Section II (Free-Response Questions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369The Final Touches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381PART V: APPENDIXESAppendix A: Commonly Used Abbreviations, Signs, and Symbols . . . . . . . . . 385Appendix B: Acid-Base Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Appendix C: Flame Tests for Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis of Cations and Anions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395vi
PrefacePrefaceThe AP chemistry exam is coming up! Your thorough understanding of months and months ofcollege-level chemistry lectures, tests, quizzes, homework problems, lab write-ups, and notesare to be evaluated in a 3-hour examination. It’s just you and the AP exam. In preparing to dothe very best job possible, you have four options:1. Read all of your textbook again.2. Do all of your homework problems again.3. Buy a test preparation guide that has every conceivable type of problem in it and that inmany cases is thicker than your textbook and that you will never be able to finish and thatdoes not explain how to do well on the essay portion of the exam and does not review allof the laboratory experiments required and tested.4. Use Cliffs Advanced Placement Chemistry, 3rd Edition.I’m glad you chose option 4. I have taught chemistry for over 25 years. I’ve put together forthis book, in a reasonable number of pages, what I feel are the best examples of problems tohelp you prepare for the exam. With other AP exams to study for and other time commitments,you need a quick and neat book that you can finish in a few weeks and that covers just abouteverything you might expect to find on the exam. You have that book in your hands.This guide is divided into five parts:Part I: IntroductionPart I contains the following sections: Questions Commonly Asked About the AP ChemistryExam, Strategies for Taking the AP Chemistry Exam, Methods for Writing the Essays,Mathematical Operations, and Mathematics Self-Test.Part II: Specific TopicsEach chapter lists key vocabulary words, formulas, and equations and provides about ten completely worked-out multiple-choice questions and solutions for two or more free-responsequestions. Self-contained chapters cover gravimetrics, thermochemistry, gases, the structure ofatoms, covalent bonding, ionic bonding, liquids and solids, solutions, kinetics, equilibrium,acids and bases, energy, organic chemistry, nuclear chemistry, and writing and predictingchemical reactions.Part III: Laboratory ExperimentsBackground information, sample data, and accompanying exercises on analysis of the data forall 22 laboratory experiments recommended by the AP College Board. Also included are twosample laboratory write-ups. Provides a ‘refresher’ for the experiments that you have completed and that you will be tested on.vii
CliffsAP Chemistry, 3rd EditionPart IV: AP Chemistry Practice TestA complete exam consisting of both multiple-choice and free-response questions. All solutionsare fully worked out.Part V: AppendixesAlso provided for your convenience are four commonly used tables and charts that you willfind useful as you work on problems. They are:1. Appendix A: Commonly Used Abbreviations, Symbols, and Tables2. Appendix B: Acid-Base Indicators3. Appendix C: Flame Tests for Elements4. Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis of Cations and AnionsThis book is not a textbook. The last thing you need right now is another chemistry textbook.However, if you have forgotten concepts or if something is new to you, use this preparationguide with your textbook to prepare for the AP chemistry exam. Now turn to the Study GuideChecklist on
Gary S. Thorpe has taught AP Chemistry and gifted programs for over twenty-five years. He currently teaches chemistry at Beverly Hills High School, Beverly Hills, California. Author’s Acknowledgments I would like to thank my wife, Patti, and my two daughters, Krissi and Erin, for their
