Transcription
This file was created by scanning the printed publication.Errors identified by the software have been corrected;however, some errors may remain.United StatesDepartment ofAgricultureForest ServiceIntermountainResearch StationOgden, Utah 84401General TechnicalReport INT-180April 1985Field Guide toForest Plants ofNorthern IdahoPatricia A. PattersonKenneth E. NeimanJonalea R. Tonn
THE AUTHORSP a t r i c i a A. Patterson, f o r e s t e r ,C l e a r w a t e r National Forest, wasassigned major r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r development o f t h i s f i e l d g.uide, w h i l ea s s i s t i n g t h e n o r t h e r n ldaho h a b i t a t t y p e refinement p r o j e c t . She holds B.S.degrees i n b o t h f o r e s t management a n d wood u t i l i z a t i o n f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y ofl d a h o w h e r e she is c u r r e n t l y w o r k i n g o n an M.S.degree i n f o r e s tmanagement. She was a seasonal employee f o r t h e C l e a r w a t e r National Forestsince 1981.K e n n e t h E. Neiman, p l a n t ecologist, C l e a r w a t e r National Forest, wasco-leader o f t h e n o r t h e r n l d a h o h a b i t a t t y p e refinement p r o j e c t a n d d i r e c t e dt h i s e f f o r t t o c r e a t e a regional f i e l d g u i d e f o r p l a n t species o f ecologicalimportance.He holds a B . S . degree i n r a n g e management a n d an M.S.d e g r e e i n f o r e s t a n d r a n g e ecology b o t h f r o m Washington State U n i v e r i s i t y ,a n d i s c u r r e n t l y p u r s u i n g a P h . D . i n f o r e s t ecology a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y ofIdaho.He was Zone Ecologist f o r t h e n o r t h e r n l d a h o national f o r e s t s since1981 eE x p e r i m e n t Station, o r i g i n a l l y developed a similar g u i d e f o r use b y I N Tresearch f i e l d c r e w s . She has been d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d i n developing, w r i t i n g ,a n d r e v i e w i n g all material i n t h i s f i e l d g u i d e .She e a r n e d b o t h a B . S .andan M . F . i n f o r e s t r y f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Idaho.She joined t h eI n t e r m o u n t a i n Station a t Moscow i n 1978.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSMajor financial s u p p o r t f o r t h i s g u i d e was p r o v i d e d b y T i m b e rManagement, N o r t h e r n Region o f t h e Forest Service, U . S. Department ofA g r i c u l t u r e , a n d t h e Clearwater National Forest, Nezperce National Forest,a n d t h e l d a h o Panhandle National Forests t h r o u g h a c o o p e r a t i v e agreementw i t h t h e l n t e r m o u t a i n Forest a n d Range E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n .Many people have v o l u n t e e r e d t h e i r time a n d e f f o r t i n r e v i e w i n g andc o n t r i b u t i n g t o this publication.We wish t o t h a n k t h e f o l l o w i n g i n d i v i d u a l swhose aid, suggestions, a n d s u p p o r t have g r e a t l y increased t h e q u a l i t y ofthis guide:Peter F . S t i c k n e y (Inter-mountain Station),A n i t a Cholewa(Washington State U n i v e r s i t y ) , Daniel J . Holden (Nezperce National Forest),F r e d r i c D . Johnson ( U n i v e r s i t y of Idaho), Charles A . Wellner (USDA ForestService, r e t i r e d ) , a n d R i c h a r d T . Bingham (USDA Forest Service, r e t i r e d ) .Reviews a n d suggestions were s u p p l i e d b y persons too numerous t o l i s t h e r ew i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f C y n t h i a L a c k y a n d Kathleen Roche ( I d a h o PanhandleNational F o r e s t s ) .Many l o n g h o u r s o fvolunteerl a b o r along w i t hc o n s t r u c t i v e suggestions were s u p p l i e d b y Donald Patterson (ClearwaterNational F o r e s t ) d u r i n g ' t h e i n i t i a l development a n d c r e a t i o n of t h i s f i e l dguide.D r a w i n g s o r i g i n a l l y p u b l i s h e d i n C . L . H i t c h c o c k a n d o t h e r s (1955-69)were used w i t h permission f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Washington Press.Newi l l u s t r a t i o n s h a v e been added t h r o u g h t h e v o l u n t e e r e f f o r t s o f A n i t a Cholewa,Lisa Marie S k o v l i n , (Sawtooth National Forest)' a n d Kathleen Dawes (Moscow,ID).
CONTENTSPage. 1Species Description Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5S h r u b s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29F e r n s a n d F r i e n d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83F o r b s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Graminoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195D e s c r i p t i v e D r a w i n g s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Collecting a n d Pressing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 9Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 9I n d e x o f Scientific Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 2I n d e x of Common Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244IntroductionITABLES. 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213K e y t o Native T r e e s a n d T a l l S h r u b sBetula ConspectusS h r u b CharacteristicsA l n u s ConspectusRibes ConspectusRosa ConspectusR u b u s ConspectusVaccinium ConspectusKey t o Ferns and FriendsF o r b CharacteristicsCorallorhiza ConspectusL i liaceae ConspectusHabenaria ConspectusMitella ConspectusPyrola ConspectusViola ConspectusGraminoid C h a r a c t e r i s t i c sCarex ConspectusLuzula Conspectus
F i g u r e 1 .--The p o r t i o n o f I d a h o( h a t c h e d a r e a ) covered by t h i sguide.
INTRODUCTIONThis fieldg u i d e hasbeen developedspecifically t ocomplement t h eTheg e o g r a p h i c area c o v e r e d is I d a h o ' s f o r e s t e d l a n d s f r o m t h e Salmon R i v e rd r a i n a g e n o r t h t o t h e Canadian b o r d e r ( f i g . 1 ) .T h i s g u i d e is n o t meant t ob e a comprehensive taxonomy t o n o r t h e r n l d a h o f l o r a ,b u t rather ani d e n t i f i c a t i o n a i d f o r species h a v i n g f o r e s t e d h a b i t a t t y p e i n d i c a t o r v a l u ew i t h i n t h i s g e o g r a p h i c area.Forest H a b i t a t T y p e s of N o r t h e r n l d a h o ( C o o p e r a n d o t h e r s 1983).-C r i t e r i a f o r species selection w e r e : common o v e r a l l o c c u r r e n c e i nm a t u r e t o o l d - g r o w t h f o r e s t e d stands, special e n v i r o n m e n t a l o r h a b i t a t t y p ei n d i c a t o r value, a n d special i n t e r e s t w i t h i n n o r t h e r n Idaho.Additionalspecies h a v e been i n c l u d e d t h a t a r e n o r p h o l o g i c a l l y similar t o a n d o f t e nc o n f u s e d w i t h selected i n d i c a t o r species.Species d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e based o nFlora of the Pacific N o r t h w e s t ( C . L . H i t c h c o c k a n d C r o n q u i s t 1973) a n dV a s c u l a r PlantsPacific N o r t h w e s t , P a r t s 1 - 5 ( C . L . H i t c h c o c k a n do t h e r s 1955-1969).Frorn t h e above sources, we c o n s t r u c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c stables, dichotomous k e y s a n d conspectuses as a s i m p l i f i e d means t o i n i t i a l l yd e t e r m i n e g e n u s o r species.W i t h i n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s table, p s e u d o - k e y susingone o rmore easilydetermined characteristics,suchasleafa r r a n g e m e n t , a r e u s e d t o g r o u p species.Final i d e n t i f i c a t i o n m u s t c o r r e l a t et h e specimens' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w i t h t h e species d e s c r i p t i o n .T h e speciesd e s c r i p t i o n s a n d k e y s w e r e developed f o r people w i t h a minimum o f botanicalt r a i n i n g . We emphasized c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t a r e u s e f u l f o r f i e l d i d e n t i f i c a t i o no f t h e species w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f a n o r t h e r n l d a h o location.In otherg e o g r a p h i c areas h a v i n g a d i f f e r e n t f l o r i s t i c composition o r e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e s ed i s t i n c t i v e f i e l d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s may n o t b e usable f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f aspecies. C i t a t i o n s f o r a n u m b e r o f a u t h o r i t a t i v e f l o r a s f o r n o r t h e r n l d a h o a r ei n c l u d e d i n t h e References.of theT h i s p u b l i c a t i o n is t h e p r o d u c t o f t w o p r e v i o u s i n f o r m a l d r a f t s . M a n yc o r r e c t i o n s , a d d i t i o n a l species, keys, species comparison guides, a n d h a n d yf i e l d characteristicsh a v e been added.As u p d a t i n g ,correcting,andi m p r o v i n g a r e u n e n d i n g t a s k s f o r botanical f i e l d guides, t h e a u t h o r s w o u l da p p r e c i a t e r e c e i v i n g comments, suggestions, o r c r i t i c i s m s a t :USDA Forest Servicel n t e r n o u r i t a i n Forest a n dRange Experiment Station1 2 2 1 S . hlain S t r e e tMoscow, I C 8 3 8 4 3
SPECIES D E S C R I P T I O N F O R M A T ( A )FAMILY T r i b e (B)Genus specific epithet' Authorship ( C )S t a n d a r d vegetation code ( D lcommon name o r namesFORM:Lifeform o r habit with general description of heighta n d roots.N A T I O N A L or I D A H O C H A M P I O N :a n d g e n e r a l locatiorl ( E ) .Record t r e e measl relnentsSTEMS:G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t c s ( F ) a n d rneasurernents ( G )BARK:G e n e r a l c h a t . a c t e r i s t i c s ( F ] a n r i neasur-emc-nts ( G ) .BUDS:G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s I F ) .irid rrieascr r-emcntsB U N D L E SCARS:G e n e r a l char- ctc.11 s t 1 c . 5 ( F ) a n d m e a s u r e n e n t s( G ) .G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s (F:)LEAVES:(G)a n d rneasut-enients ( G ) .G e n e r a ! c h a r a c t e r i s t c s ( F ) arid m e s u r e r r i c r t IsG ) .FLOWERS:SPORANGIUM:G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e t , i s t i c s ( F ) a r l d rneasl.lru-m e n t s ( G ) u s e d t o d e s c r i b e t h e r e p . o ( l u c . t i v e s t r c t u t . e si nFerns and Friends.INFLORESCENCE:G e n e r a l c h a t - a t e r ( F ) L a n d r n c a s u r ements (G) used t o descr-lbe g r a r n n o d sCONES:G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( F ) a n d r n e a s l . e n l e n t s( G I .FRUIT:G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( F ) and rneasurements(G)ENEMIES:L i s t o f common i n j u r i o u s d i s e a s c s a n d i n s e c t s i no r d e r o f d e c r e a s i n g damage p o t e n t i a l . A g e n e r a l i z e dd e t r i m e n t a l o r a d v a n t a g e o u s r e s p o n s e to Fire ( t i 1 .S I M I L A R SPECIES:HABITAT:NOTES:L i s t of e a s i l y c o n f u s e d g e n u s a n d speciesG e n e r a l s i t e c h a r a c t e r - i s t i c s (J! .S p e c i a l i n t e r e s t items1K )CONSTANCY TABLE:A t a b l e o f c o n s t a n c y by h a b i t a t t y p e f o r c.azhs p e c i e s is i n c l u d e d a l o n g t h e I n n e r m a r g i n [ L ) .'L e t t e r codes e x p l a i n e d i n m o w detail on pages 3 - 4 .2
(A)T h e species d e s c r i p t i o n l a y o u t was p a t t e r n e d a f t e r a s i m i l a rd e s c r i p t i o n l a y o u t i n R a n d a l l a n d K e n i s t o t i (19G8).T h e t e x t and terminologys t y l e was p a t t e r n e d a f t e r t h e a b o v e c i t e d p l a n t t a x o n o m i e s .Line drawingsu s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e g u i d e a r e f r o m C . L . H i t c h c o c k a n d o t h e r s (1955-1969),H a y e s a n d G a r r i s o n (IgGO), a n d A n o n . (1981 ) .Additional drawings wereprovided b y persons listed i n Acknowlegments.Scale p e r s p e c t i v e i s p r o v i d e db y a six foot forester standing n e x t t o a typical plant.(B)FamilyHitchcock (1971).f r o m CI-onquist(C)The authorityand Cronquist (1973).used f o r(1931).GRAMINEAEtribes fromspecies a u t h o r s h i p was C . L .A.SHitchcock(D)S t a n d a r i z e d v e g e t a t i o n codes a r e f r o r n G a r r i s o n a n d o t h e r s(1976).T h e s e codes f a c i l i t a t e species f i e l d d a t a e n t r y a n d d a t a e x c h a n g ebetween agencies.T h i s s y s t e m uses t h e f i r s t t w o l e t t e r s o f t h e g e n u s a n ds p e c i f i c e p i t h e t t o c r e a t e a 4 - l e t t e r c o d e , s u c h as A s c a fot- Asarum caudatum.I n cases o f d u p l i c a t i o n a s u f f i x n u m b e r is a d d e d , e . g . A s c a 3 .A variety isd e s i g n a t e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e f i r s t l e t t e r o f t h e v a r i e t a l name; f o rSpiruea betulifoliava r .lucida becomesSpbel .Genera a r eexample,d e s i g n a t e d by a c o d e o f t h e f i r s t 5 - l e t t e r s o r less b e i n g all c a p i t a l i z e d , s u c has S P I R A , ACER, P O A . Common names f o l l o w C . L . H i t c h c o c k a n d C r o n q u i s t( 1 9 7 3 ) ; G a r r i s o n a n d o t h e r s (1976); o r t h e rnost d e s c r i p t i v e local u s a g e .( E ) A l l w i l d a n d c u l t i v a t e d t r e e s i n l d a h o a r e eligible t o b e measuredf o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e l a r g e s t t r e e o f each species o r v a r i e t y .T h e scoringheightfor record trees is based on t l i e formula:circumference (inches)(feet)one-fourth tlie average crown diameter (feet).F o r a complete l i s t i n gof c u r r e n t record trees and forms explaining t h e process f o r nominating newrecord trees, contact: Idaho B i g T r e e ProgramDepartment o f Forest ResourcesC o l l e g e o f F o r e s t r y , W i l d l i f e , a n d R a n g e SciencesUniversity of ldahoMoscow, I D 53843(F)General characterrstics w e r e condensed f r o m several taxonomict r e a t m e n t s , ( D a v i s 1957; H a y e s 1960; A . S . H i t c h c o c k 1971; C . L . H i t c h c o c ka n d o t h e r s 1955-1969; C . L . H i t c h c o c k a n d C r o n q u i s t 1973; Lee a n d P f i s t e r1978).C . L . H i t c h c o c k a n d C I - o n q u i s t (1973) was u s e d as t h e a u t h o r i t y .General f i e l d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h a v e been s u p p l i e d b y manyindividuals(see A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s ) .A g l o s s a r y o f taxonomic t e r m s isincluded at the end of guide.(GIT h e measurements a r e general ranges, n o t absolutes.c o n v e r s i o n s f r o r n m e t r i c t o E n g l i s h h a v e b e e n r o u n d e d f o r ease o f u s e .small m e a s u r e m e n t s , ( l i n ) ar-e g i v e n i n m e t r i c o n l y .TheVery
( H ) M o r e c o m p l e t e l i s t s o f species a n d r e l a t e d d a t a c a n b e f o u n d i n :Diseases : B e g a ( l 9 7 8 ) , Fowells ( l 9 6 5 ) , H e p t i n g (1971 1 , P a r t r i d g e a n d o t h e r s(1978), P a r t r i d g e a n d M i l l e r (1974). I n s e c t s :Prlt-tridge and others (l978),Fowells (1965), a n d F u r n i s s a n d C a r o l i n ( 1 9 7 7 ) . F i r e : D e B y l e (19811, a n dV o l l a n d a n d D e l l (1981).( I ) S I M I L A R SPECIES l i s t s o t h e r g e n e r a a n d j o t - species t h a t c a n b ebeing described.Useful differentiatingeasily confused with t h e onec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e i n c l u d e d i n commas.S i n i l a r species d e s c r i b e d i n t h i sg u i d e a r e r e f e r e n c e d b y p a g e n u m b e r ; species n o t i n c l u d e d h a v e t h e i r - commonnames i n p a r e n t h e s e s .( J ) S i t e char-actel-istics a r e y i v e n Tot ,I species w h r n i t g e n e r a l l yoccurs i n a specific t y p e of habitat i n northcrri Idaho.Tllc c h a r a c t e r i s t i c sh a v e b e e n e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e p r e v i o u s l y mentioned r e f e l - e n c c s o r f r o m t h eauthors' and contributors' experience within northern Idaho.(K)NOTES c o n t a i n t e m s o f cornrnon i r l t e m s t, species v a r i a t i o n , o rs p e c i a l b o t a n i c a l i n t e r e s t . R e t e r e n c e s a r e made t o species o n t h e l d a h o S t a t eWatch List, d u e t o t h e i r r a r i t y o r limited d i s t t - i b u t i o n , a r e b e i n g monitored.Y o u c a n l e a r n m o r e a b o u t n o r t h e r n I d a h o speciescovered under theE n d a n g e r e d Species A c t of 1972 b y c o n s u l t i n g FWR B u l l e t i n N o . 34, V a s c u l a rP l a n t SpeciesC o n c e r n i n I d a h o , 1981, a v a i l a b l e ft-ern,ofFWR E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o nUniversity of IdahoMoscow, l d a h o 83543( L ) T h e h a b i t a t t y p e c o n s t a n c y t a b l e shows t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f s t a n d sw i t h i n a h a b i t a t t y p e i n t h a t o n e c a n e x p e c t t o f i n d t h e species d e s c r i b e d .T h e f i s t o f h a b i t a t t y p e s a n d c o n s t a n c y v a l u e s comes f r o m C o o p e r a n d o t h e r s(1983). H a b i t a t t y p e s a n d p h a s e s w i t h i n c i d e n t a l o c c u r r e n c e i n n o r t h e r nl d a h o h a v e n o t been i n c l u d e d .T h e h a b i t a t t y p e s a n d phases a r e o r d e r e dfrom t o p t o bottom along a generalized enviromental gradient of h o t - d r y t ocold-wet.T h e c o n s t a n c y v a l u e s a r e g i v e n f o r r n i d s e r a l t o climax s t a n dconditions.M o s t species h a v e d i f f e r e n t o c c u r e n c e s a n d c o n s t a n c y i n h i g h l ydisturbed habitats.C o n s t a n c y codes: b l a n k n o t f o u n dT r a c e ; 1 10%; 2 20%; 3 30%; 4 4% . . . 1 0 100%.-
TREES3P
--.Pinus c o n t o r t a. P i n u s ponderosa. P i n u s spp.Pinus a l b i c a u l i s.Pinus m o n t i c o l a. L a r i x spp.Thuja p l i c a t aSCIENTIFIC NAME1820171914,1525PAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56,5736alnifolia11.Prunus spp.Amelanchier70. B e t u l a spp.3358. S a l i x spp. A l n u s spp.Rhamnus spp.7444spp.3243.Crataegus d o u g l a s i i.Sorbus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sambucus spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Acerglabrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cornus spp.71.Picea engelmannii16. . . . . . .8,9. A b i e s spp.24. . . . . . . . . . . . .Taxus b r e v i f o l i acone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pseudotsuga menz i e s i i 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . s u g aspp.26,27. . . . . . . . . . .1. LEAVES BROAD, THIN, FLAT; DEC l DUOUS11. Leaves o p p o s i t e12. Leaves compound.12. Leaves s i m p l e13. P a l m a t e l y lobed " m a p l e l i k e "1 3 . Leaves e n t i r e , n o t lobed.11. Leaves a l t e r n a t e14. Leaves compound.14. Leaves s i m p l e15, O l d e r t w i g s armed w i t h s t o u t woody t h o r n s15. O l d e r t w i g s unarmed16. Buds naked, w i t h o u t s c a l e s16. Buds w i t h s c a l e s17. F l o w e r s i n c a t k i n s18. Female c a t k i n s p e r s i s t e n t and c o n e l i k e18. Fema l e c a t k i n s deciduous, n o t c o n e l i ke19. Leaves r e l a t i v e l y l o n g and narrow; s i n g l e bud s c a l e ;f r u i t : h a i r y capsule.19. Leaves a b o u t equal i n l e n g t h and w i d t h ; m u l t i p l ebud s c a l e s ; f r u i t : winged n u t l e t17. F l o w e r s n o t i n c a t k i n s20. Leaves e l l i p t i c , f i n e l y s e r r a t e w i t h g l a n d s on l e a f .20. Leaves oblong, c o a r s e l y t o o t h e d , w i t h o u t g l a n d s on l e a f .4.Leaves i n b u n d l e s o f 2 o r 36. Leaves usua l l y i n b u n d l e s o f 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .6. Leaves u s u a l l y i n b u n d l e s o f 3 . .Leaves s c a t t e r e d s i n g l y on stems7. Leaves w i t h o u t a p e t i o l e8. Leaves 4-sided;sharp t i p ; borne on s h o r t peg( w h i c h remains on t w i g a f t e r n e e d l e s f a l l ) .8 . Leaves f l a t w i t h rounded o r n o t c h e d t i p7 . Leaves w i t h p e t i o l e9 . Leaves w i t h sharp-apex, 2-ranked, f l e s h y f r u i t9. Leaves b l u n t o r w i t h s l i g h t p o i n t e d t i p ; f r u i t :10. Buds: Large (6mm) p o i n t e d , red-brown10. Buds:Small (3mm) rounded l i g h t c o l o r e d .5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TO NATIVE TREES AND TALL SHRUBS1. LEAVES LINEAR OR SCALE-LIKE; EVERGREEN OR DECIDUOUS2. Leaves f l a t , s c a l e l i k e , o v e r l a p p i n g2. Leaves l i n e a r o r needle1 i k e3. Deciduous, c l u s t e r o f 15-40 l e a v e s borne on s h o r t s p u r .3. Leaves eve r g r e e n4. Leaves i n b u n d l e s5. Leaves usua I l y i n b u n d l e s o f 5Table 1.--KEY
A b g rCaruAruv2 Phna1 SmstCaruh.t.Phrnah.t.23h.t.Stam232 * ? - : -3PI NACEAEAbies g r a n d i s ( D o u g l . ) L n cAbgrg r a n d f r ,w h i t e f i rFORMA l a r g e c o n i f e r u p t o 80rn (260ft) tall,neatlymiw h o r l e d w i t h p r i m a r y branches d i s t i n c t l y opposite.IDAHO CHAMPION:1981.5 4 . 9 i n d b h ; 172in c i r c u m .Me e218ft t a l l7 . 7 f t crown 398pts; Pierce RD., Clearwater1VagNF.BARK:Smooth a n d g r e y i s h w i t h r e s i n b l i s t e r s whenLUh'y o u n g , a g i n g t o ashy b r o w n w i t h t h i c k , deep f u r r o w s ;inner bark purple-red.BUDS: Resinous, b l u n t t o rounded, y e l l o w - b r o w n , 6mm.LEAVES:Flat needles, 2-3crn ( l i n ) long, apex r o u n d e d a n dn o t c h e d ( I ) , d a r k green, g r o o v e d above w i t h t w o w h i t estornatal bands u n d e r n e a t h w i t h v e r y small r e s i n d u c t slocated near leaf m a r g i n ( 2 ) , d i s t i n c t l y t w o r a n k e d ( 3 ) .CONES:C y l i n d r i c a l , 6-1 l c m ( 2 - 4 i n ) ; b o r n e u p r i g h t , h i g hi n c r o w n a n d d i s i n t e g r a t i n g on t r e e ; r i p e n s A u g . ; seedshed e a r l y Sept.ENEMIES:Diseases : Echinodontiurn tinctoriurn, A r m i l l a r i aspecies,Phellinus(Poria)weirii,a n d broom r s t ;Insects: sprucebudworm,a n d t u s s o c k moth;Fire:susceptible.SIMILAR SPECIES: Abies lasiocorpa, p . 9 . 8Xeteh't'Vaca c . t .1
PINACEAEA b i e s lasiocarpa (Hook. ) N u t t .Ablasubalpine f i r , alpine f i rFORM: Tree, u p t o 40m (137ft) tall; s p i r e l i k e c r o w n o f t e ne x t e n d i n g t o t h e g r o u n d ; bole e x t r e m e l y tapered; p r i m a r yb r a n c h e s d i s t i n c t l y opposite.IDAHO CHAMPION:1981. 49.9in d b h ; 156.7in circum.137ft t a l l5 f t crown 298pts; Pierce RD, C l e a r w a t e r N F .BARK:T h i n , g r e y , smooth w i t h r e s i n b l i s t e r s ; shallowlyfissured.BUDS: Rounded, l i g h t b r o w n , 6mm l o n g .LEAVES: T h i c k needles, 2-4cm ( 1 - 2 i n ) long, apex r o u n d e d( I ) , b l u e - g r e e n w i t h stomata1 b a n d s o n b o t h surfaces w i t hl a r g e r e s i n d u c t s located midway between leaf m a r g i n s(2); leaves b r u s h e d t o u p p e r s i d e ( 3 ) .CONES:P u r p l i s h - g r e y , c y l i n d r i c a l , 6-10cm (2-4in) long;b o r n e u p r i g h t , h i g h i n t h e c r o w n a n d d i s i n t e g r a t i n g ont r e e ; r i p e n s m i d - A u g . ; seed sheds m i d - S e p t .ENEMIES : Diseases : Echinodontiurn tinctoriurn, Fomes pini,A r m i l l a r i a species, P o l y p o r u s tornentosus, a n d broom r u s t ;Insects: sprucebudworm,a n d t u s s o c k p.8;and Piceaengelrnannii, p . 1 6 .
shrubtreetree1213Betula occidentaliswater b i r c hBeocBetula papyriferapaper b i r c hBepa'39Speciesserratebroadly ovates t ickydoubleserrateroundovateexfoliatingwh i t e - b rown3cmc rena t erounded o v a t e5-10cm(2-4in)5-8cm(2-3 in)( 1in )LeafSizesmoot hnonaromaticglandularresin dottedgreens t ickyresin dottedg reYst c k yNewTwigsHabitatBe lowPAGE33uplandriparianbogsorriparian. . . . . .ALNUSCONSPECTUS. .BETULA CONSPECTUSres in-dottedLeafshapenot exfoliatingr e d d i s h brownnot e x f o l i a t i n gda r k brownBa r kBETULA SPEClES CONSPECTUSt w i g s round,twigsslightlyangled.p i t h compressed;pithtriangular;not persistent;persistent;I i ke,Betula glandulosabog b i r c hBeg I-FormFema l e c a t k i n s t a s s e lFemalecatkinscone-like,TO BETULA SPECIESPage1.1.T a b l e 2.--KEY
B e o cp E i q ;! ;;XeteBETULACEAEB e t u l a occidentalis Hook .B eocwater b i r c hFORM:Small t r e e o r loosely b r a n c h e d s h r u b , u p t o 15rn(13-26ft)tall;frequentlyfoundi n crowded,densethickets.IDAHO CHAMPION:var.occidentalis, 1973. 29in d b h ;91. l i n c i r c u m .50ft tall7 f t crown 148pts; SawtoothNF.BARK:Smooth, s h i n y , r e d d i s h - b r o w n ,m a r k e d b y paleh o r i z o n t a l lenticels; b a r k does n o t exfoliate.BUDS: B r o w n , resinous, pointed, a b o u t 6mm l o n g .LEAVES:A l t e r n a t e , deciduous, b r o a d l y ovate t o diamondshaped, 3-5cm (1 - 2 i n ) , s e r r a t e t o dentate, g r e e n above,p a l e y e l l o w - g r e e n a n d m i n u t e l y g l a n d u l a r below, i n i t i a l l ys t i c k y ; changes t o d u l l yellow i n a u t u m n .FLOWERS:C y l i n d r i c a l c a t k i n 2crn long, f l o w e r i n g w i t h orb e f o r e leaves i n t h e s p r i n g ; F e b . - J u n e ; b r e a k i n g up a tmaturity.F R U I T : A w i n g e d samara t i p p e d w i t h p e r s i s t e n t s t y l e s ( 1 ) .S I M I L A R SPECIES: B e t u l a p a p y r i f e r a , p . 13.H A B I T A T : A l o n g streams o r on open h i l l s i d e s .NOTES: Most common b i r c h i n I d a h o . B . occidentalis a n dB . p a p y r i f e r a f r e e l y h y b r i d i z e i n n o r t b r nI d a h o . 12pE&Me eG :te
1BETULACEAEBetula p a p y r i f e r a Marsh.Bepapaper b r c hFORM:T r e e , 15-20m ( 5 0 - 6 6 f t ) t a l l ; o l d trees have opencrowns and short, pendulous branches.I D A H O CHAMPION:var.comrnutata:1973.29in d b h ;91in c i r c u m .70ft tall1 6 . 5 f t crown 178pts; B o n n e rCo.B A R K : Y o u n g t r e e s b r o n z e t o light. r e d d i s h b r o w n , a g i n gc r e a m - w h i t e t o c o p p e r y , w i t h h o r i z o n t a l raised lenticels( 1 ) ; p e e l i n g i n t h i n , p a p e r y s t r i p s , t h u s i t s commonname.BUDS:Resinous, o r a n g e - b r o w n ;p o i n t e d ovate, 3-5mmlong.LEAVES: A l t e r n a t e , deciduous, ovate, 6-l0crn ( 2 - 4 i n ) long,y e l l o w - g r e e n a n d smooth above,pale below,usuallydoubly serrate.FLOWERS:C y l i n d r i c a l c a t k i n 2-4cm ( 1 - 2 i n ) long; f l o w e r i n gw i t h o r b e f o r e leaves, b r e a k i n g u p a t m a t u r i t y ; A p r i l June.F R U I T : A w i n g e d samara t i p p e d w i t h p e r s i s t e n t s t y l e s ( 2 ) .S I M I L A R SPECIES: B e t u l a occidentalis, p . 12.H A B I T A T : Moist, open t o dense montane woods.NOTES: B . papyrifera a n d 5 . occidentcllis f r e e l y h y b r i d i z ei n n o r t h e r n Idaho.
subalpine larch, alpine larch, Lyall larchFORM:T i m b e r l i n e tree,u p t o 15m ( 5 0 f t ) tall;long,s p r e a d i n g limbs w i t h b r o a d c r o w n , o f t e n s t u n t e d o rgnarled.I D A H O CHAMPION:1970. 50in d b h ; 157in c i r c u m .95ft9 . 5 f t c r o w n 261pts; Bonners F e r r y RD, K a n i k s utallNF.STEMS:Youngt w i g s c o v e r e d w i t h dense,white ory e l l o w i s h woolly h a i r s ( 1 ) .B A R K : T h i n , a s h y g r e y , becoming b r o w n , i n i t i a l l y smooth,becoming separated i n t o scaly, deep f u r r o w s .LEAVES:Deciduous, 30-40 r i g i d needles b o r n e o n s h o r ts p u r , l i g h t b l u i s h - g r e e n , 2-4cm ( 1 - 2 i n ) long, 4 - a n g l e dw i t h visible resin ducts i n cross-section (2); t u r n i n gc o l o r e a r l i e r t h a n L a r i x occidentallis.CONES:R e d d i s h - y e l l o w t o p u r p l i s h - g r e e n 3-5cm ( 1 - 2 i n )long;b r a c t s much l o n g e r t h a n cone scales;ripensA u g . - S e p t . ; seed shed i n Sept.ENEMIES:Diseases: Fomes p i n i a n d Phaeolus ( P o l y p o r u s )schweinitzii .S I M I L A R SPECIES: L a r i x occidentalis, p . 15.H A B I T A T : T i m b e r l i n e above 2000m (6550ft) elevation i n t h es p r u c e - f i r zone.NOTES:R a r e t r e e , seldom e n c o u n t e r e d n e a r roads; i t isaccessible o n t h e o l d Nezperce T r a i l , FS R d g468. CaruAruvPhnaCaruh . t.PhmaSmstt1.t.
L a o cPINACEAEL a r i x occidentalis N u t t .Laocw e s t e r n l a r c h , tamarackFORM: T r e e , u p t o 60m (200ft) t a l l ; s h o r t open c r o w n w i t hlong, clear bole, o f t e n w i t h swollen b u t t .I D A H O CHAMPION:1977.7 6 . 2 i n d b h ; 239.3in c i r c u m .142ft t a l l5 . 5 f t crown 387pts; Latah Co.STEMS: Y o u n g t w i g s w i t h o u t dense woolly h a i r .BARK:I n i t i a l l y t h i n a n d scaly becoming v e r y t h i c k a n dd e e p l y f u r r o w e d i n t o l a r g e plates; f l a k i n g i n t o cinnamonr e d scales, resembling P i n u s p o n d e r o s a .LEAV
This field guide has been developed specifically to complement the Forest Habitat -- Types of Northern ldaho (Cooper and others 1983). The geographic area covered is Idaho's forested lands from the Salmon River drainage north to the Canadian bor
