Transcription
History ofForensic Science1
Before 17th centuryConfrontation by the accuserConfession under tortureGUILTYStrength to resist the painINNOCENT2
Forensic Sciencethe application of science to the court of lawCriminalisticsthe application of scientific techniquesin collecting and analyzing physicalevidence3
Early Use of Forensics3rd Century China: Coroner solved a case where awoman was suspected of murderingher husband and burned the body She claimed he died in an accidentalfire Tested whether or not a body wouldhave ashes in its mouth if it died in afire using pigs When confronted with the coroner’sevidence, the woman confessed.
Marcello Malpighi Professor of Anatomy at University ofBologna in Italy Wrote some of the first recorded notesabout fingerprint characteristics in 1686 But even he didn’t see their value as away to indentify peopleCarl Wilhelm Scheele 1775 Swedish Chemist Devised the test fordetecting the poisonarsenic in corpses5
Valentin Ross German Chemist 1806 Discovered a more precisemethod for detecting smallamounts of ArsenicMathieu Orfilla Spain1814“Father of Forensic Toxicology”Published the first scientific treatiseon the detection of poisons6
1828:The invention of thePolarized Light Microscope1839:First microscopicdetection of sperm7
James Marsh Scottish Chemist 1839 The first to testify in acriminal trial on thedetection of Arsenic ina victim’s body “expert witness” usingscience in a legalcontext8
1863:The first presumptive test forblood1850’s – 1860’s:Development in photography andImproved records in forensic science9
Alphonse Bertillon French Anthropologist Introduced the Bertillon System(aka Anthropometry) in 1879 Used various measurements ofthe body to identify people bytheir physical appearance Eventually replaced byfingerprinting Also considered “father of themugshot.”10
Bertillon’sAnthropometry
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“Sherlock Holmes” Fictional character in books by Sir ArthurConan Doyle First book: A Study in Scarlet, 1887 Popularized using scientific method insolving crimes Described elements of newly developingtechniques in serology,fingerprinting, firearmexamination, and documentexamination
Francis Henry Galton Wrote the first definitive study offingerprints and developed aclassification system 1892: published Finger Prints bookHans Gross Austrian prosecutor and judge 1893 Published Criminal Investigation Discussed the benefits of science incriminal investigations14
Karl Landsteiner 1901 Discovered ABO Blood typingAlbert Osborn 1910 Published Questioned Documents15
Edmond Locard 1877-1966 Frenchdoctor/criminologist Developed Locard’sExchange Principle Opened the very firstcrime laboratory inFrance16
Locard’s Exchange Principle “ with contact between two items, therewill be an exchange.”
Walter McCrone 1916-2002 American chemist Microscopy expert Examined The Shroud ofTurin and the Vinlandmap18
Sir Alec Jeffreys 1984 Developed first DNA Profiling test
History of Crime Labs in the United States1923:Los Angeles PD Crime Lab: *the 1st crime lab in US*1930’s:University of CA at Berkeley Dept. ofCriminalistics headed by Paul Kirk1932:FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover opens the FBI Laboratory1981:FBI opens Forensic Science Research and Training Center20
Federal Crime Laboratories FBI Laboratory (Quantico, VA) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)Laboratories Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms andExplosives (ATF) Laboratories U.S. Army Crime Investigation Laboratory(Fort Gillem, GA) U.S. Postal Inspection Service Laboratories21
Crime Labs Abroad The British Home Office– Metropolitan Police Laboratory (London),a.k.a. “Scotland Yard”– 5 other regional labs Canada– Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)Laboratories– Centre of Forensic Sciences (Toronto)– The Institute of Legal Medicine and PoliceScience (Montreal)22
Resources Saferstein, Richard. Forensic Science: An Introduction.New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. Bertino, Anthony J. Forensic Science: Fundamentalsand Investigations. Mason, OH: South-WesternCengage Learning, 2009. Id 1&id 2519223
Image clopedia/upload/thumb/a/a9/250pxMathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila.jpghttp://img.directindustry.com/images /File:Marsh tent/uploads/2009/10/Blood Spatter.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marsh /Personen/GrossOtto/Hans -walter-c.-mccrone24
Forensic Science the application of science to the court of law Criminalistics the application of scientific techniques in collecting and analyzing physical . Fictional character in books by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle First book: A Study
