Transcription
N f.da, úoHdj6 fY%a‚hwOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka; jish u fm fmd;a bf,lafg%dksla udOHfhka ,nd .ekSugwww.edupub.gov.lk fjí wvúhg msúfikak'i
m uqjk uqøKhfojk uqøKh; kajk uqøKhisõjk uqøKhmiajk uqøKhyhjk uqøKhy;ajk uqøKh-2014201520162017201820192020ish ysñlï weúß‚ISBN 978-955-25-0259-0wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka; j úiskarcfha uqøK kS;s.; ixia:dfõuqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§'Published by: Educational Publications DepartmentPrinted by: State Printing Corporationii
Y%S ,xld cd;sl .ShY%S ,xld ud;dwm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;diqkaor isßnßkS" iq/ os w;s fidanudk ,xldOdkH Okh fkl u,a m,; re msß ch N ñh ruHdwmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;dms s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcdkfuda kfuda ud;dwm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;dTn fõ wm úoHd - Tn u h wm i;HdTn fõ wm Yla;s - wm yo ; Nla;sTn wm wdf,dafla - wmf.a wkqm%dfKaTn wm Ôjk fõ - wm uqla;sh Tn fõkj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N ñ lrdtl ujlf. ore le, neúkdhuq huq ù fkdmudfm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;dwm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;diii
;s sKh f,iska rcfhka fï fmd;lshjd thska keK . K t s lruf. rg fjkqfjka u oE iïm;afï fmd; tk jifr fjk flkl gAµ]ß öÁS v õ ¡¼uøÚ AÔÄ ö Qh Á ¡¼uøÚUuõ õmiß ÁÍö ÚÄ ¡¼uøÚU » õnÁ ßÔh Á ¡¼øu ,Èñ.ksñrlsñmqoñö Ø ÓßPØ ßPõ ßAÎ ßFrom the government, I received this as a giftI’ll read it, light up my knowledge and practise thriftOn my country’s own behalf, I’ll protect the national resourcesAnd offer this book to another one as a fresh garland of rosesiv
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kshdukh yd wëlaIKh - mS' tka' whs,mafmreuwOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,awOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka; jfufyhùu- ví,sõ' tA' ks¾u,d mshiS,swOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßiaa ixj¾Ok&wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka; jiïnkaëlrKh- ta' tï' wd¾' fla' wêldßksfhdacH flduidßiawOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka; jixialdrl uKav,h1' fcHaIaG uydpd¾h tka' fla' oka.,a, - le,‚h úYajúoHd,h úY%dñl&- fld U úYajúoHd,h2' uydpd¾h tia' tA' fkdanÜ- w;sf¾l flduidßia úY%dñl&3' wd¾' mS' mSßiaúNd. fomd¾;fïka; j4' tÉ' oykdhl- m%Odk ixialdrl úY%dñl&wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;j 5' wd¾' tA' ã' kkaokS rEmisxy- ksfhdacH flduidßiawOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;j 6' rxckS Okj¾Ok- fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh7' tiA' lreKd.rka- lÓldpd¾h"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khf,aLl uKav,h1' ví' ldka;s fmf¾rd- . re fiajh" idka; mS;r u'u'ú"O¾uj¾Ok ó.uqj2' ví' YHduŒ fmf¾rd- . re fiajh"O¾uj¾Ok Y oaO jQ mjqf,a nd,sld u'ú"fjkakmamqjvi
3' wd¾' tï' fidaudj;S- . re WmfoaYl"l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"nKavdrfj,- . re WmfoaYl"4' fla' fidauodil,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"ud;r- . re fiajh"5' ã' à' iS' úfÊj¾OkY oaO jQ mjqf,a nd,sld u'ú"fjkakmamqj- . re fiajh"6' tA' tia' tï' *Ívduqia,sï ldka;d úoHd,h"fld U 04- . re fiajh"7' hd,skS lreKd.rkaidka; laf,hd¾ia úoHd,h"fld U 06NdId ixialrKhTi . Kr;ak- fld U úYajúoHd,hmsgljr ks¾udKhwd¾' tA' hqf¾ld È,arelaIs- f;dr; re ;dËK wxYh" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;jmß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh is;shï" rEmigyka iy mß.Kl msgq ieliqu&1' wd¾' tA' hqf¾ld È,arelaIs- f;dr; re ;dËK wxYh"wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;j 2' ù' Ô' vhkd È,arelaIs- ixj¾Ok ks,Odß"wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;j vii
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mgqk1'mdi, yd wjg jgmsgdjmsgqj01mdi,l msysàu y kd .ekSu01mdi, yd wjg jgmsgdfõ ld,. Kh10mdi, wjg jgmsgdfõ N o¾Ykh182'ksji wjg jgmsgdfõ N ñfha iajNdjh3'22Ydl yd i;a;aj úúO;ajh24mdi, ksji wjg jgmsgdfõ udkj l%shdldrlï28;u ksji wjg jgmsgdj hym;aj mj;ajd .ekSu37wmøjH neyer lsÍu 524'Y%S ,xldfõ msysàuY%S ,xldfõ msysá jeo.;a ia:dk5558f,dalfha fjk;a m;a 61ix
f,aLl ixialdrl uKav, igykyh jk fY%a‚fha isg N f.da, úoHdj bf.kSu wdrïN lrk Tngm uqfjka u Tn mdi, yd ksji wjg mßirh ms sn j;a" wfma rgms sn oj;a" ir, j bf.kSug wjia:dj i,id §u i yd fuu fm fmd;iïmdokh lr we;'mdi, yd ksji wjg mßirh hgf;a olajd we;s tys msysàu" N o¾Ykh"ld,. K f;dr; re" i;a;aj yd Ydl m%cdj yd m%foaYjdiSkaf.a Ôjklghq; ms sn f;dr; re Tng wdikak yd yqremqreÿ tAjd fõ' tuf;dr; re bf.k.kakd w;r" wjg mßirh iq/lSu yd tys ;srirNdú;h ms sn j;a lreKq ye Íug fuys § Tfí wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'N f.da, úoHdjg wjYH jk is;shï ms sn uq,sl ixl,am f.dvk.d.ekSug Tng fuu.ska wjia:dj imhd ;sfí'. re u.fmkaùu hgf;a" l%shd;aul l yels mejreï yd l%shdldrlïj,gjeo.;a ;ekla ysñjk mßÈ ,shd we;s fuu fm fmd; mßYS,kh lrkTng th l%shdldß jev fmd;la o jkq we;' tA i yd N f.da, úoHdjgwÞ jk Ñ;%" PdhdrEm" is;shï" rEm igyka" j. yd ixLHd f,aLk fuufmd;g we; ;a lr ;sfí'l%shdldÍ yd m%shckl bf.kqï jd;djrKhla ; ska uQ,sl N f.da,úoHd;aul kqula ,nd§u fuu fmdf;a m%Odk wruqK hs'fuu f;dr; re uekúka wOHhkh lr jir wjidkfha § Tn;a mßirhms sn mqxÑ N f.da, úoHd{fhla ùug wÈgka lr .kak'x
1mdi, yd wjg jgmsgdjiudch i; jákd u iïm; orejd h' orejd l vd ld,fha isg ishmjq, ; foudmshka jeäysáhka weiqßka Ôú;h yev.iajd .ekSugwjYH uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,nd.kshs' orejd jefv;a u wOHdmkh ,ndfok úêu;a wdh;kh jkafka mdi, hs' Y%S ,xldj ; mdi,a úYd,ixLHdjla we;' tAjd .%dóh" kd.ßl" l lr" fjr dikak wd§ úúOmßirj, msysgd ;sfí'mdi,l msysàu y kd .ekSumdi, msysá .u fyda k.rhl ula hs Tnf.ka úuiqjfyd;athg myiqfjka ms s; re §ugTng mq¿jk' tfy;a mßmd,kfldÜGdi wkqj Tnf.a mdif,amsysàu úuiQ úg thg ms s; re§u t;rï myiq fkdjkq we;'Tnf.a mdi, msysá .fïfyda k.rfha msyàs u ksjerÈ j laùug u.fmkaùu fuumdvfuys wruqK hs'm d;(Province)Èia;%slalh(District)m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih(Divisional Secretariat Division).%du ks,Odß fldÜGdih(Grama Niladhari Division)mdi,(School)1'1 rEmh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'mdi, msysgd we;s l vd u mßmd,ktAllh .%du ks,Odß fldÜGdih1'1 rEmhhs' .ula fyda .ï lsysmhla tl; mßmd,k fldÜGdi OQrdj,sh ; Tfímdif,a msysàuù .%du ks,Odß fldÜGdih iE§we;' úYd, k.rhl .%du ks,OdßfldÜGdi lsysmhla ;sîug mq Mjk' .%du ks,Odß fldÜGdihlg kulayd wxlhla ;sfí' .%du ks,Odß fldÜGdi lsysmhla tl; ùfuka m%dfoaYShf,alï fldÜGdihla o m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdi lsysmhla tlaùfukaÈia;%slalhla o iE§ we;' Èia;%slal folla fyda jeä ixLHdjla tl; ùiE§ we;s m d;" Y%S ,xldfõ úYd,;u mßmd,k tAllh hs'» fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i yd h' »1
l%shdldrlï. re Wmfoia ,nd .ksñka mdif,a msysàu ms sn j my; i ykaf;dr; re bÈßm;a lrkak'1' Tfí mdi, msysá" .u fyda k.rh .%du ks,Odß fldÜGdifha ku yd wxlh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih Èia;%slalh m d;2' Tn ,nd .;a f;dr; re weiqßka Tnf.a mdif,a msysàu ms sn jjdlH myla ,shkak'1'1 is;hs u ksÍlaIKh lrkak' Èlafj, rcfha úoHd,fha msyàs u tys Xi,l ‚ka olajd we;' fujeks is;hs ula Tn mdi, wh;a .%du ks,OdßfldÜGdifha .%du ks,Odß uy;d uy;añhf.ka Tng o ,nd .ekSug mq Mjk'ó.uqj - l reKE.,shh a ,l ¾.ud ixs .l 's flddk.d% 'km%Ofhda.hs dk .%du ks,OdßfldÜGdih;Ulkao .%du ks,OdßfldÜGdihX Èlafj, rcfha úoHd,h.%du ks,Odßld¾hd,hÈlafj, .%du ks,OdßfldÜGdihmkai,m,a,shuyTh1'1 is;shu.%du ks,Odß fldÜGdih ; mdif,a msysàumejreï1'.%du ks,Odß uy;d uy;añhf.ka ,nd .;a is;shu msgm;alrf.k Tnf.a mdi, msysá ia:dkh i,l Kq lrkak'2' Tnf.a mdi, wjg msysá fmdÿ ia:dk myla kï lrkak'2
Y%S ,xldfõ wdlD;s is;hs ul mdif,a msyàs u ,l Kq lsÍuYS% ,xldfõ Èia;s%lal yd m d;a 1'2 is;shfuka lafõ'1'2 is;shuYS% ,xldfõ m d;a yd Èia;%slal3' r' uq' kS' i' 1903813
l%shdldrlï01' 1'2 is;shu ksÍlaIKh lr YS% ,xldfõ m d;a iy tla tlam d;g wh;a Èia;s%lal we; ;a jk fia j. jla ilia lrkak'm d;Èia;s%lalh02' YS% ,xldfõ m d;a yd Èia;s%lal lafjk is;shula msgm;a lr.kak' tys Tnf.a mdi, msysá m d; ,d j¾Kfhka o" Èia;s%lalh;o j¾Kfhka o" fiahd lr kï lrkak'03. . re Wmfoia ,ndf.k mdi, msysá .u fyda k.rh"Èia;%slalh ; ,l Kq fldg kï lrkak'04' mdi, msysá Èia;s%lalhg udhsï jk fiiq Èia;s%lal kï lrkak'²² idudkHfhka mdi,l wkkH;dj laùu i yd tys ku ,sùfï§ th msysá m d;" Èia;%slalh fyda wOHdmk l,dmh" wOHdmkfldÜGdifha ku" mdif,a ku iu. Ndú; flf¾' my; olajdwe;s ksoiqka n,kak'A. j y,d fjka Èlafj,m%d:ñl úoHd,h"fhda.shdkB. hd uksmdhs yskaÿ úoHd,h"uksmdhs"hdmkhA mdi," jhU m df;ay,dj; wOHdmk l,dmfhafjkakmamqj wOHdmkfldÜGdifha msysgd we;'B mdi,"hdmkh Èia;%slalfha msysgdwe;'mejreu. re Wmfoia ,nd.ksñka YS% ,xldfõ úúO m d;aj, msysá mdi,amyl kï by; i yka wdldrhg ,shkak'4
mdi, msysá bvfï yevh1'2 rEmfhka lafjkafka mdi,a N ñhl msysàu fmkajk Ñ;%hls' tysmdi,a j;af;a udhsu ;dmamhlska yd jeglska olajd we;' udhsfuka mdi,aj;af;a yevh y kd.; yels h' mdi,a N ñfha we;s f.dvke.s,s" mdi,wdikakfha we;s ud¾. iy nexl jla o Ñ;%fha oelafõ'1'2 rEmhmdi,a j;a;l msysàutu mdi,a N ñfhys o ie,eiau (plan) 1'3 rEmfhka lafõ' tuie,eiafuys 6 fY%a‚h mka;s ldurh '' X '' ,l K fhdod fmkajd we;'mdi,a N ñh fmkakqï lrk Ñ;%fhys we; ;a ish foa ie,eiafuys oúúO ixfla; fhdÞ .ksñka olajd ;sfí' Ñ;%h yd ie,eiau ixikaokhlrñka fjki y kd .kak'5
Wudhsuf.dvke.s,a, s nexl j;dmamhm%Odk mdr1'3 rEmhmdi,a j;af;a o ie,eiauÈYdj Direction) y kd .ekSuie,eiaula we Sfï § ÈYdj igyka lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ' ksjerÈ j ÈYdjy kd .ekSu i yd ud,sud hka;%h compass) Wmfhda.s lr .kq ,efí'mdif,a we;s ud,sud hka;%h Wmfhda.s lrf.k Tnf.a mka;s ldurhwi, isg W; re ÈYdj y kd .kak' W; re ÈYdj y kd.;a miq wfkl ;aÈYdj, msysàu o ksYaÑ; j y kd .ekSug Tng yels jkq we;'W; rjhUBidkkef.kysrniakdysr.sksfldkksß;ol K1'4 rEmhÈYd igyk6
l%shdldrlu1'4 rEmh ksÍlaIKh lr ysia;eka mqrjkak'1'W; re ÈYdj yd kef.kysr ÈYdj w;r ------------ ÈYdj msysgdwe;'2' kef.kysr yd ol K w;r msysáfha ----------- ÈYdj hs'3'------------- ÈYdj ol K yd niakdysr w;r msysgd we;'4' niakdysr yd W; r w;r -------------- ÈYdj msysgd we;'ud,sud hka;%hla fkdue;s wjia:djl WoEik ysre WÞjk ÈYdj wkqjo ÈYd y kd .ekSug Tng mq¿jk' tkï" ysre WÞjk ÈYdjg uqyqK,doE;a fomig È. lr isg.;a úg" Tnf.a ol Kq w; úysfok ÈYdfjkaol Kq ÈYdj fmkakqï flfrk w;r Bg m%;súreoaO ÈYdj tkï Tnf.ajï w; úysfok ÈYdfjka W; re ÈYdj fmkakïq flf¾' tA wkqj wfkl ;aÈYdjka o y kd .ekSug mq Mjk' fujeks wjia:djl Tnf.a fijke,a,o Tn msgqmiska Èiafõ' 1'5 rEmh n,kak'l%shdldrlï1'1'3 rEmh wdo¾Yhg .ksñkaTnf.a mdi,a j;af;a o ie,eiaula we " 6 fYa%‚fhamka;s ldurh ixfla;hlafhdod fmkajkak'2' mqia;ld,h"úoHd.drh"úÿy,am;s ld¾hd,h jeksTnf.a mdi,g iqúfYaISia:dk tu ie,eiafuys,l Kq lr olajkak'3'Tnf.a mka;s ldurfha isgn,k úg tu ia:dk msysgdwe;s ÈYdjka kï lrkak'1'5 rEmhÈYdj y kd .ekSu7
mdif,a is g f;da r d.;a ia : dk ls y s m hl" ms y s á ÈYdjfmka k q ï ls Í uÈYdj olajk wdlD;s folla 1'6 rEmfhka lafõ'Wkef.kysrgBMRol KgBidkgmdi,PHGjhUg1'6 rEmhmdif,a isg fmdÿ ia:dk msysgd we;s ÈYdB - nexl j G - msÜgkshM - fjf fmd R - c,dYhH - frday, P - ;eme,a ld¾hd,hl%shdldrlu1'6 rEmh ksÍlaIKh lr mdif,a isg n,k úg fldgqfõ olajd we;sia:dk msysgd we;s ÈYd kï lrkak'mejreï1'8. re Wmfoia ,nd .ksñka Tnf.a mdi, wjg we;s ia:dkj,msysàu laùu i yd 1'6 rEmfha lafjk wdldrhg ie,eiaulaw kak'
²m uqj ie,eiafï W; re ÈYdj olajkak'²Tn mdi, wjg msysá meyeÈ,s j y kd.; yels fmdÿia:dk lsysmhla f;dard f.k tAjdfha msysàu" ÈYdj wkqjie,eiafuys olajkak'²tla tla ia:dkhg mdif,a isg we;s ÿr o jYfhka ógrfyda lsf,daógrj,ska i yka lrkak'²Tn y kd.;a ia:dk fmkakqï lsÍug fhdÞ.;a ixfla;iqÑhlska bÈßm;a lrkak'2' by; lafjkafka wka;¾cd,fhka (Internet) ,nd.;a mdi,lmsysàu lafjk is;shuls' wka;¾cd, myiqlï ;sfí kï Tnmdif,a is;shu o ,ndf.k msysàu úia;r lrkak'9
mdi, yd wjg jgmsgdfõ ld,. Kh (Weather)úúO mßirj, mj;sk ld,. ‚l ;;a;ajh tlsfklg fjkia úh yelsh' tA wkqj j¾Id iys;" iq x iys;" óÿu iys;" WKqiqï" úh s jeks úúOld,. ‚l ;;a;ajhka ;sìh yels h'Tnf.a mdi, wjg mßirfha ld,. ‚l ;;a;ajh ksÍlaIKh lsÍugu. fmkaùu fuu mdvfï wruqK hs'1'7 rEmhúúO ld,. ‚l ;;a;ajhka iys; m%foaY lsysmhlahï ia:dkhl mj;sk ld,. ‚l ;;a;ajh ;j;a ia:dkhl mj;skld,. ‚l ;;a;ajhg jvd fjkia úh yels h' fuf,i úúO ia:dkj,úúO ld,. ‚l ;;a;ja hka y kd.;a; o oji ; fuu ;;a;ja hka ofjkia ùug mq¿jk' thg fya; j wjg mßirfha ia j Ndjh iEuúgu tA l dldÍ fkdjk neúks ' W ik ÿgq mßirfha ia j Ndjh l% ul% u fhka fjkia jk nj .;g fkk fjkis k a fuka u wjg10
mßirh fyd ka ks Í la I Kh ls Í fuka o Tng jgyd .; yels h '1'7 rEmh n,ka k 'mßirh ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï § Tng fmfkk iy fkkWIaK;ajh" j¾Idm;kh" iq x" j,dl ¿ hkdÈh ld,. ‚lwx. f,i ye kafõ'hïlsis ia:dkhl flá ld,hla ; mj;skjdhqf.da,fha iajNdjh ld,. Kh hkqfjka ye Èkafõ'ld,h yd m%foaYh wkqj ld,. Ksl ;;a;ajh fjkiaùu tys idudkHiajNdjh hs' rEmjdyskS m%jD;a;s wjidkfha Èkm;d bÈßm;a lrk ld,. Kjd¾;dfjka úúO m%foaYj, ld,. ‚l fjkiaùï ms ns j f;dr; re bÈßm;aflf¾' my; oelafjkafkal%shdldrlïtjeks ld,. K jd¾;djls' th1' ld,. K jd¾;dfjka bÈßm;afyd ka wOHhkh lrkak'flfrk ld,. ‚l wx. kïwo fm'j' 9'00ka wjika jQmeh 24 ; 200mml Wmßuj¾Idm;kh lgqkdhlska o"300clWmßuWIaK;ajh;s%l Kdu,fhkaowju0WIaK;ajh jQ 12 c kqjrt sfhkao jd¾;d úh' ksß; foiskayud tk iq x ksid bÈß meh24 ; § niakdysr" ol K iyuOHu l lrfha ngysr foig;o jeis ,efnkq we;'lrkak'2' tu jd¾;djg wkqj Wmßuj¾Idm;kh ñ,sógr lSho@3'tys i yka ù we;s mßÈ Wmßuyd wju WIaK;ajh jd¾;d ùwe;s ia:dk ,shkak'4' rg ; g iq x yud tk ÈYdjkï lrkak'5'ld,. K jd¾;dj u.ska fy sjk ld,. ‚l wkdjelsh Weather Forecast) l ula o@mejreuúúO udOH u.ska bÈßm;a lr we;s ld,. K jd¾;d lsysmhlafidhd f.k mka;s ldurfha § tajd bÈßm;a lr tA ms sn j idlÉPdlrkak'4' r' uq' kS' i' 19038111
Y% S ,xldfõ ld,. K úoHd fomd¾;fïka; j Department ofMeteorology) fld U fn!oaOdf,dal udjf;a msysgd we;' thgiïnkaO m%dfoaYSh ld,. K uOHia:dk /ila o we;' ld,. K úoHdfomd¾;fïka; j u.ska úúO ia:dkj, ld,. ‚l wx. ms sn j ffokslj /ia lr .kakd f;dr; re mokï lrf.k ld,. K jd¾;d ilialrkq ,efí' ld,. ‚ l wx. uekS u i yd j¾;udkfha § Èhq K qWmlrK Ndú; flf¾' Tn mdi, wjg m%foaYfha tjeks ld,. KsluOHia:dkhla ;sfí hs fidhd n,kak'ld,. Kh uekSug fhdÞ.kakd we;eï WmlrK mka;s ldurfha §Tng o ks¾udKh lsÍug mq¿jk' tu WmlrK Ndú;fhka mdi, wjgjgmsgdfõ ld,. Kfha iajNdjh ksÍlaIKh lr tAjdfha fjkialïjgyd .kak'WIaK;ajh Temperature)²² ld,. ‚l wx. (weather elements) w;ruQ,sldx.h jkafka WIaK;ajh hs'²² WIaK;ajh yd ;dmh ,ndfokafka iQ¾hhd h'²² WIaK;ajudkh u.ska WIaK;ajh uekSugmq Mjk' WIaK;ajh ukskq ,nkafkafi,aishiawxYlfyda*erkayhsÜwxYlj,sks'²² wêl iQ¾hh;dmhla yd WIaK;ajhla,efnk úg úh s ld,. ‚l ;;a;ajhlawe;s fõ'1'8 rEmhWIaK;ajudkh Thermometer)mejreï1'mdi,a úoHd.drfha we;s WIaK;ajudkh weiqfrka mdi,aj;af;a ksYaÑ; ia:dkhla f;dardf.k tu ia:dkfha WIaK;ajhffoksl j yd hï ksYaÑ; fõ,djka ; uek igyka ;nkak'fuu l%shdldrlu i;shla fyda udihla mqrd Tng l yels h'2' ilia l jd¾;dj wkqj tu ia:dkfha WIaK;aj fjkialïms sn j jdlH ; kla ,shkak'12
j¾Idm;kh Rainfall)²² iQ¾h;dmh ksid f.dvìu" id.rhyd .iaje,aj, we;s c,h" jdIamnjg m;a fõ'²² tu c,jdIam water vapour)by keÕ isis,a ù kSNjkh Condensation) fõ'²² c,jdIam kSNjkh ùfuka j,dl ¿ks¾udKh fõ' tu.ska j¾Idj ,efí'²² j¾Idudkhla Wmfhda.s lrf.kj¾Idm;kh uek .ekSug mq¿jk'j¾Idm;khukskq,nkafkañ,sógrj,sks'1'9 rEmhj¾Idudkh(Rain gauge) kSNjkhj¾Idm;khW;aiafõokh Ydlj,ska jdIAmSlrKh&ysu iy whsiajdIamSlrKhu; msg .,dhdu1'10 rEmhj¾Idj we;s jk wdldrh13
l%shdldrlï1' j¾Idj u.ska wmg ,efnk m%fhdack ; kla ,shkak'2' j¾Idj we;s ùug fmr yd j¾Idfjka miq mßirfhys olakg,efnk ,laIK j. jlska olajkak'mejreu. re Wmfoia ,nd.ksñka j¾Idudkhla ks¾udKh lrkak'²² me;,s m; ,la iys;" úksúo fmfkk is,skavrdldr ma,diaálafnda;,hla f.k lg m%foaYfhka 1 3 fldgila fjkalr .kak'²² lmd.;a fldgi" n fldgi u; mqkS,hla fia ;nkak'²² n fldgfia ñ,sógr ,l Kq l lvÞis máhla w,jd thfif,dafÜmaj,ska wdjrKh lr.kak'²² th mdif,a fyda ksjfia t suyka Wia ia:dkhl ;nd hï ld,iSudjla; Tn m%foaYhg ,efnk j¾Idj uek ffoksl jd¾;d ;nd.kak'²² ffoksl jd¾;d ksÍlaIKh fldg wÞ m%foaYfha j¾Idm;khms sn j jdlH ; kla ,shkak'iq x Wind)²² mßirfha iajNdjh ksÍlaIKh lrkúg .iaj, fld w; fi,fjknj Tng fmfkkq we;' Tfí .;gisis,ila o fkkq we;'²² tfia jkafka iq x yeóu isÿ jk1'11 rEmhneúks'iq x ÈYd o¾Ylh iywks,udkh Wind Direction²² iq x yud hk ÈYdjg wkqj .iaj,Indicatorand Anemometer)w; keó mj;S'²² ;Èka yuk iq x" iq s iq x Cyclones)" iev iq x Storm) f,i owvq fõ.hlska yuk iq x" uo iq x Mild winds) kñka o ye kafõ'²² iq x ÈYd o¾Ylfhka iq x yuk ÈYdj fmkakqï flf¾'²² iq fÕa fõ.h uekSug Ndú; lrk WmlrKh wks,udkh hs'iq f .a fõ.h ukskq ,nkafka mehg lsf,daógrj,sks'14
uqyqÿ" .x.d" we fÞ jeks c,dY iys;ia:dk wi, § isis,a iq fÕa myiú ug Tng mq¿jk'mejreu²² . re Wmfoia ,nd f.k iq x ÈYd o¾Ylhla ks¾udKh lrkak'²² mdi,a N ñfha t suyka ia:dkhl th ;nd iq x yuk ÈYdj fjkiajk whqre ksÍlaIKh lrkak'j,dl M Clouds)²² wyi foi neÆ úg Tng úúO yevfhka iy j¾Kfhka hq;aj,dl ¿ l .ekSug mq¿jk 1'12 rEmh&'²² j,dl ¿j, iajNdjh tAjd ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka l.; yels h'²² j¾Idj we;s ùug fmr wyfiys w ÿre meye;s k j,dl ¿ olakg,efí'²² wyfia j,dl M fkdue;s úg meyeÈ,s ks,a wyila Èia fõ'1'12 rEmhúúO yevfhka hq;a j,dl Mby; f;dr; re wkqj úúO WmlrK Ndú;fhka iy ksÍlaIK u.skamdi, wjg jgmsgdfõ ld,. ‚l o;a; /ia lr .ekSug Tng yelshdj,efí'15
ld,. ‚ l wx." tA j d uekS u g Ndú; lrk WmlrK yd tla tlaWmlrK i yd fhdod .kq ,nk ñkq ï tA l l ms s n igykla 1'1j. f õ la f õ' th fyd ka wOHhkh lrka k '1'1 j. jld,. ‚l wx." WmlrK iy ñkqï tAllld,. ‚l wx.WIaK;ajhuksk WmlrKWIaK;ajudkhtAllhfi,aishia wxYl *erkayhsÜ wxYlj¾Idm;khiq f .a fõ.hj¾Idudkhñ,sóg¾mehg lsf,daóg¾iq x yuk ÈYdjiq x ÈYd o¾YlhB;,fhka olajkÈYdjj,dl MksÍlaIKh s,udkhmejreu. re Wmfoia wkqj úúO WmlrK Ndú;fhka yd ksÍlaIK u.skaTn ksji mdi, wjg mßirh ms sn j /ia lr .;a ld,. ‚lo;a; Ndú; lrñka ksji mdi, wjg m%foaYfha ld,. Kh ms sn j jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'ld,. ‚l f;dr; re k.ekSfuka"²² tÈfkÞ lghq; ukdj ixúOdk lr .ekSug yels fõ'²² wl Kq .eiSï isÿjk ld, fuka u iq s iq x" .xj; r floods)"kdhhdï (land slides) jeks ;¾ck we;s úh yels m%foAY ms sn jl,a we;s j kqï §u ksid Ôú; yd foam ydks j lajd .; yels h'²² ëjrhskag yd f.dùkag Tjqkaf.a lghq; id¾:l lr .ekSugmq¿jk'16
l%shdldrlï1'Tn wjg mßirfha ld,. ‚l iajNdjh k.ekSfuka Tng,efnk m%fhdack myla ,shkak'2' Tn m%foaYfha whym;a ld,. ‚l ;;a;ajhla ;sfí kï tu;;a;ajh udkqI l%shdldrlï flfrys n,mdk wdldrh. re; ud . re; ñh iu. idlÉPd lr bÈßm;a lrkak'3'§ we;s bÕs Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka m%fya sldj mqrjkak'yryg2' wyfia j,dl ¿j, iajNdjh fï u.ska k.; yels h'3'ieye,a fuka u fi!uH iq Õls'4' kSNjkh jQ c,jdIam fuf,i fmdf djg jefÜ'my g1'iq f .a fõ.h uekSug Ndú; lrhs'2' m%Odk ld,. ‚l wx.hls'2W12ks43uk¾hmejreui;s h la ; rEmjdys k S fyda fjk;a udOH u.s k a bÈßm;alrkq ,nk ld,. ‚ l wkdjels flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlr tA j dhs k a m% l dY jk ld,. ‚ l fjkia ù ï is ÿ jka f ka hsúuis , s u ;a j jd¾;d ;nd.ka k '17
mdi, wjg jgmsgdfõ N o¾Ykh Landscape) lgq is;shu&mdi, wjg jgmsgdfõ N o¾Ykh úúO N f.da,Sh ,laIKj,skaiukaú; fõ' tu ,laIK iajdNdúl fuka u ñksid úiska ks¾udKhl tAjd f,i fjka l yels h'l%shdldrluN f.da,Sh ,laIKWiaìïWoHdkf.dvke.s,swe fÞ j.dìïjkdka;rud¾.x.dl%Svd msámy;a ìï- Highlands- Gardens- Buildings- Streams- Cultivated lands- Forests- Roads- Rivers- Play grounds- Lowlandsfldgqfõ olajd we;s N f.da,Sh,laIK" iajdNdúl yd ñksidúiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o tAjdf,i j¾. lrkak'Tnf.a mdi, wjg jgmsgdj kd.ßlfyda .%dóh mßirhla iys; jgmsgdjlaúh yels h' l lr m%foaY" fjr dikakm%foaY" j.d ìï m%foaY" jeõ yd .x.dwdY%s; hkd§ jYfhka úúO mßirj,mdi,a msysgd ;sfnkq Tn l we;'mdi,la wjg msysá N o¾Ykhla 1'13 rEmfhka lafõ'1'13 rEmhmdi,la wjg msysá N o¾Ykhla18
l%shdldrlï1'1'13 rEmfhka Tng y kd.; yels N f.da,Sh ,laIK kïlrkak'2' tA wkqj mdi, msysá N o¾Ykh ms sn j jdlH myla ,shkak'Ñ;%hg k.d we;s N o¾Ykfhys lgq is;shu 1'14 rEmfhka lafõ'Wl jeá.x.djemdr. r. rmdi,emdrmdrksjdimdrkdm%Omd,uksjdil Uqrel Uqre1'14 rEmhÑ;%hg k.d we;s N o¾Ykfha lgq is;shuÑ;%h iy lgq is;shu w;r meyeÈ,s fjkila we;'²² Ñ;%fha we;eï ,laIK ;%us dK iajrEmfhka (Three dimension) lafõ'²² is;shfï tu ,laIK me;,s iajNdjhlska fmkajd we;'²² Ñ;%hlg jvd is;hs ulska N f.da,hS ,laIKj, msyàs u" ÿr m%udKh ydyevh ksYÑa ; j laúh yels h'l%shdldrlï1'wka;¾cd, myiqlï fyda PdhdrEm Ndú; lrñka kd.ßl yd.%dóh mdi,a foll N o¾Yk ,nd .kak'2' tu N o¾Ykh ksÍlaIKh lr y kd.; yels fjkialï ; kla,shkak'5' r' uq' kS' i' 19038119
mejreu1'14 rEmh wdo¾Yhg .ksñka my; olajd we;s lreKq ie,ls,a,gf.k Tnf.a mdi, wjg N o¾Ykfha lgq is;shula w kak'is;shu we fï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq; lreKq²² mdi, wjg jgmsgdfõ N o¾Ykh fyd ka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'²² mdi, jgd msysá l jeá" .x.d" we fÞ " ud¾." j.d ìï" fmdÿf.dvke.s,s wdÈfhys msysàu iy tAjdfha ,laIK lvÞishligyka lr.kak'²² miqj tAjdg j¾K fhdÞ N o¾Ykh Ñ;%hg k.kak'²² Ñ;%h wkqidrfhka N o¾Ykfhys lgq is;shula w kak'²² is;shu we fï § N o¾Ykfha lemSfmfkk ,laIK m uqfjkais;shï.; lrkak' .x.d" we fÞ " ud¾. rgd wdÈh&²² is;shfï f;dr; re laùug myiq ixfla; fhdÞ .kak'²² is;shfï W; re ÈYdj olajkak'²² N o¾Ykfha ,laIK is;shug ke.Sfï § tAjdfha úYd,;ajh"yevh yd ÿr m%udKh .ek o ie,ls,su;a jkak'²² is;shfï lafjk ,laIK y kd.; yels jk mßÈ iqÑhlawe; ;a lrkak'mdßNdIsl jpk ud,dj²² msysàu- Location²² mßmd,k fldÜGdih- Administrative Division²² m d;- Province²² Èia;%slalh- District²² m%dfoaYhS f,alï fldÜGdih- Divisional Secretariat Division²² .%du ks,Odß fldÜGdih - Grama Niladhari Division²² o ie,eiau- Plan²² ÈYdj- Direction²² ud,sud hka;%h- Compass20- Aø Âh - {ºÁõP ›Ä- õPõn - õÁmh - µ u\ ö\ »õͺ ›Ä- Qµõ \ÁPº ›Ä- vmh h - vø\- vø\ ÔP Â
²² wka;¾cd,h²² ld,. Kh²² óÿu²² iQ¾h;dmh²² WIaK;ajh²² j¾Idm;kh²² c,jdIam²² jdIamSlrKh²² kSNjkh²² iq x²² iq s iq x²² uo iq x²² iev iq x²² j,dl M²² WIaK;ajudkh²² j¾Idudkh²² iq x ÈYd o¾Ylh²² wks,udkh²² iq f .a fõ.h²² N o¾Ykh²² N f.da,Sh ,laIK²² ;%sudK iajrEmh²² W;aiafõokh²² j¾IKh²² u; msg .,dhdu- Internet- Weather- Mist- Heat- Temperature- Rainfall- Water vapour- Evaporation- Condensation- Winds- Cyclones- Mild winds- Storm- Clouds- Thermometer- Rain Gauge- Wind direction indicator- Anemometer- Wind speed- Landscape- Geographical features- Three dimension- Transpiration- Precipitation- Surface runoff- Cøn - ÁõÛø»- Û- öÁ - öÁ {ø»- øÇÃÌa]- }µõÂ- BÂ õuÀ- Jk[SuÀ- PõØÖ- ÓõÁÎ- ö ßPõØÖ- Pk[PõØÖ- QÀ- öÁ õÛ- øÇ õÛ- PõØÖ vø\UPõmi- PõØÖ Âø\ õÛ- PõØÔß ÁP - {»UPõm]- Â À A \[PÒ- › õn - Áõ]zuÀ- øÇÃÌa]- PÈÄ } µõmh wmOdjh&21
2ksji wjg jgmsgdfõ N ñfhaiajNdjhTn" Tfí foudmshka iy mjqf,a wfkl ;a idudðlhka iu. jdihlrk f.dvke.s,a, ksji hs' fndfyda úg Tnf.a ksji msysgd we;af;al lr (mountainous), fjr ;Sr coastal belts), ;eks;,d plains),nEjqï (slopes)" .x.d iy jkdka;r jeks fN!;sl ,laIK iys; .%dóh"kd.ßl fyda j; wdY%s; mßirhl úh yels h'ksji wjg jgmsgdfõ N ñfha iajNdjh" Ydl yd i;a;ajúúO;ajh" m%cdfõ l%shdldrlï ms sn j wOHhkh lsÍu fuumßÉfþofha wruqK fõ'úúO mßirj, msysgd we;s ksjdi we; ;a 2'1 rEmh fyd ka ksÍlaIKhlrkak'2'1 rEmhúúO mßirj, msysgd we;s ksjdi22
l%shdldrlï2'1 rEmh wOHhkh lr my; i yka l%shdldrlfuys fhfokak'1'my; lafjk ksjdij, msysàug wÞ rEm rduqj f;dard" BgwÞ wxlh" bÈßfha we;s fldgqj ; ,shkak'1' .%dóh mßirhl msysá ksji2' fjr wdY%s; mßirhl msysá ksji3' j; lrfha msysá ksji4' l ÿlr ìul msysá ksji5' ;eks;,d ìul msysá ksji6' nEjqï m%foaYhl msysá ksji7' kd.ßl mßirhl msysá ksji8' uo Wia ìul msysá ksji2' tA tla tla ksjdi msysgd we;s N ñfhys olakg ,efnk ,laIKiy tu ,laIK wkqj we;s úh yels jdis wjdis my; lafjkj. fjys ,shd olajkak'ksji msysá,laIKjdiswjdisN ñfha iajNdjh3'Tnf.a ksji wjg jgmsgdfjys N ñfha iajNdjh ksÍlaIKh lrtys lsh yels ,laIK fudkjd hs i yka lrkak'mejreï1'Tnf.a mka;sfha uqka lKavdhula f;dardf.k Tjqkaf.aksjdi wjg jgmsgdfjys N ñfha iajNdjh ms sn f;dr; refidhd N ñfhys úúO;ajh y kd .kak'kulu,a;eks;,dfjr wdY%s;WiaìïnEjqï m%foaY 2' tjeks jgmsgdjl Ôj;aùfï we;s jdis yd wjdis idlÉPd lrbÈßm;a lrkak'23
ksji msysáfha l uk N ñ m%foaYhl jqj o tu N ñh wdrlaId lr.ekSuTn wm ldf.;a hq; lula fiau j.lSula o fõ' tfuka u ksji wjgmßirh w,xldr lsÍfï § jqj o th b;du;a m%fõYfuka l hq; h'wúêu;a wdldrhg N ñh mßyrKh fkdl hq; h'Ydl yd i;a;aj úúO;ajhksji wjg mßirfha úúO;ajhla we;s ùu flfrys úúO Ydl j¾. ydi;a;aj úfYaI fya; fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ N ñfha iajNdjh fuka u foaY. ‚ln,mEu ksid tla tla mßir moaO;s eco-systems) ; úúO Ydl j¾.yd i;a;aj úfYaI olakg ,efí' Ôùkaf.a meje;au i yd Ydl b;dm%fhdackj;a fõ' Tn .%dóh mßirhl jdih lrkafka kï Ydl nyq,j ;sìh yels h' Tn kd.ßl mßirhl jdih l o úúO Ydl j¾.isgqùfuka Tnf.a ksji wdikak jgmsgdj w,xldr lrf.k ;sîugmq¿jk' Ydl j¾. f;dard .ekSfï § w,xldrh muKla fkdj mßirhg.e fmk ñksidf.a fi!LHhg ys;lr Ydl j¾. f;dard .ekSug oie,ls,su;a úh hq; h'wõj" jeiai" i; re Wjÿre" frda. wdÈhg uqyqK foñka tAjd ch .ksñkaTjqkaf.a Ôú; mj;ajd f.k hk i;a;aj úfYaI o wm wjg mßirfhysu fldgila f,i ie,lsh yels h'ñksidf.a meje;aug i;a;aj m%cdj oYdl j¾. fuka u jeo.;a fõ'Tnf.a ksji wjg mßirfha we;eïld,j, § úfYaI l re j¾. l.;yels h' iuyr l re úfYaI (species ofbirds) wjqreoafoa tla ld,hl § muKlaolakg ,efí' isxy, wjqreÿ ld,fha §wefik fldydf.a kdoh Tng yqremqreÿh' we;eï úg YS; rgj,ska tu äYS;, ord.; fkdyels j meñfKkmlaISka o olakg ,efí' fujeksmlaISka ixpdrl mlaISka fõ' isjrq efydrd" iqÿfrÈ fydrd" wúÉÑhd tjeksixpdrl mlaIkS a i oyd ksoiqka fõ'242'2 rEmhixpdrl mlaISka
i; kaf.ka yd Ydlj,ska wmg ,efnk m%fhdack iy wjg mßirhgwe;s jk úúO n,mEï 2'3 rEmfhka olajd we;'jdhqf.da,h (Atmosphere) msßisÿ lsÍu'iajdNdúl fi!kao¾hh Naturalbeauty) we;s lsÍug Þhl ùu'i; kag wdydr yd ksjdi iemhSu'isis,i ,nd §u'.Dy NdKav ks¾udKhg j iemhSu'fijK ,nd §u'bkaOk ,nd §u'f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍugwjYH j ,nd §u'wdydr yd T!IO ,nd §u'weál l d- j.djkag ydks lrk f.d Mfn,a,ka úkdY lsÍu'fõhd- úúO wmøjH len,s fldg tAjd Èrdm;a ùug Woõ ùu'.evú,a mKqjd - mi nqre,a lsÍug yd mi ire lsÍug Þhl ùu'jjq,d- .iaj, îc jHdma;shg iydh ùu'n;al rd- l Uqrej,g ydks lrk lDóka úkdY lsÍu'lmqgd- l Kq li, ld oeóu'.srjd- mßirhg fi!kao¾hhla tla lsÍu'2'3 rEmhi; kaf.ka yd Ydlj,ska ,efnk m%fhdack iy mßirhg we;s jk n,mEï25
l%shdldrlï1'Tnf.a ksji wjg mßirfhys olakg ,efnk i;a;aj úfYaI ydYdl j¾. j. jlg we; ;a lrkak'i;a;aj úfYAIYdl j¾.2' tu Ydl j¾.j,ska ,nd.; yels m%fhdack y kd .ekSugmy; j. fjys wÞ ;Srej ; i,l K fhdokak' tla Ydlj¾.hlska m%fhdack lsysmhla u ,nd .ekSug o mq¿jk'Ydlj¾.h wdydr3'm%fhdackT!IO .DyNdKaviE§uúis; reNdKavfjk;aYdlj,ska ñksidg" i; kag yd mßirhg ,nd.; yels m%fhdack; k ne.ska ,shkak'4' mska; rfha lafjk i; ka my; j. fõ i yka wdldrhgldKavj,g we; ;a lrkak'1' M, yg .ekSug wjYH mrd.Kh lrk lDóka2' ñksidg úúO f,v frda. fnda lsÍug fya; jk i; ka3' rd;%sfha yeisfrk i; ka4' ñksidg ydks f.k fok úI iys; Wr.hska26
5'my; lafjk f;dr; re wdY%fhka m%fya,sldj iïmQ¾K lrkak'1' mßirhg w,xldrhla f.kfoa'2' úI iys; i¾mfhls'3' ixpdrl mlaIsfhls'4' uef,aßhdj" fvx. jeks frda. fnda lrhs'5' mi ire lsÍug Þhl fõ'6' kS;s u.ska wdrlaId lr.; hq; i;a;ajfhls'7' ld,. K wkdjels weather forecasts) m lrhs'8' uydudßh frda.h we;s lrhs'9' f.dú;ekg Wmldß jkjd fuka u ksjig wdÞhula o f.kfoa'10' j.djkag ydks lrk f.d Mfn,a,ka úkdY lrhs'132ifriq476ïf.dl5újd89j10á dmejreumdi, ksji wjg mßirfha Ydl isgqjñka mßirh wdrlaIdlr.ekSug Tn o Þhljkak'²² WmkaÈkh" w ;a wjqreoao" cd;sl rela frdamK Èkh jeks úfYaIs;Èk i yd Tnf.a f.j;af;a fyda mdi,a N ñfhys fyda úúO me j¾. isgqùug lghq; lrkak'27
mdi, ksji wjg jgmsgdfõ udkj l%shdldrlïmdi, ksji wjg m%cdj y kd .ekSuTn Ôj;a j k mßirh ; Tfí mjq, yereK úg úúO ckj¾. ydwd.ïj,g wh;a mjq , a .Kkdjla isà ug mq Mjk' Tjqk a isx y," fou "uq i a , s ï " n¾.¾" uef,a wdÈ úúO ckj¾.j,g wh;aj kjd fuka ufn!oa O " ys ka ÿ" lf;da , s l " bia , dï jeks úúO wd.ï woykak ka úhyels h' tu ckj¾. yd wd.ï iu. ne Kq isß ;a úß;a iuqÞhlamj;S ' fl;rï úúO;d ;s n q K o tA ish fokd u Tnf.a wi,aj diSk ah' Tjq ka iu. iyfhda . fhka lghq; lsÍ ug fuka u wfkHdak HiyÔjkfhka Ôj;a ùug wm mq r eÿ úh hq; h' l%Sv d lghq; " úúOiñ;s iud.ï" iq N idOk lghq ; j , § cd;s wd.ï fNao fkd;ldis h fokd u tluq ; ù lghq ; lsÍ u ksoiqk a f,i laú h yels h'2'4 rEmhúúO wd.ñl ixfla; yd wd.ñl isoaOia:dk28
l%shdldrlï1'2'4 rEmfhys lafjk wd.ï y ÿkdf.k tu wd.ï yd iïnkaOW;aij we; ;a jk fia my; j. j iïmQ¾K 'W;aijfjila" fmdfidka"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' Tn ksji msysá m%foaYfha Ôj;ajk úúO ckj¾. yd Tjqkawoyk wd.ï i yka lrkak'3'úúO cd;sl yd wd.ñl W;aijj, § Tn wi,ajdiSka iu.iyfhda.fhka lghq; lrk wdldrh fmkaùug ksoiqka ; klaolajkak'4' Tn m%foaYfha m%cdjf.a ÈhqKqj Wfoid msysgqjd f.k we;s iñ;siud.ï ; kla kï lr tAjdhska bgq flfrk ld¾hhka folne.ska ,shkak'5'Tn m%foaYh k.disgqùug m%cdj iduqysl j lghq; lrkwjia:djla Ñ;%hg k.kak'mejreuúúO ckj¾.j,g yd wd.ïj,g wh;a W;aij wjia:djla ksrEmKhjk fia Ñ;%hla ks¾udKh lr mka;s ldurfha m%o¾Ykh lrkak'mdi, ksji wjg wd¾Ól lghq; m%foaYhl wd¾Ól lghq; fndfyda ÿrg tu m%foaYfha iïm;a u; r d mj;S'lDIsld¾ñl" ld¾ñl yd fiajdjka tu wd¾Ól lghq; w;r m%Odk fõ'lDIsld¾ñl lghq; lDIsld¾ñl N ñ mßfNda.h hgf;a Y%S ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, fNda.j.d lsÍu" i;a;ajmd,kh yd ëjr l¾udka;h o isÿ flf¾' úúO N ,laIK yd foaY. ‚l ,laIKj,ska hq;a wm rfgys úúO m%foaYj,giqúfYAIS jQ lDIsld¾ñl lghq; olakg ,efí' 2'5 rEmh n,kak'29
2'5 rEmhúúO m%foaYj,g iqúfYaIS jQ lDIsld¾ñl lghq; yd tu m%foaYj,j.d lrk fNda. j¾.30
Tn m%foaYfha o N ñh m%fhdackhg .ksñka N ñfha iajNdjh wkqj úúOfNda. j.d lr ;sfnkakg mq¿jk' ;eks;,d m%foaYj, fmd,a j.dj".x.d ksïk m%foaYj, ù j.dj" l lr m%foaYj, f;a yd rn¾ j.djksoiqka f,i laúh yels h'Tn m%foaYhg wdikak j id.r" .x.d" c,dY iy jeõ msysgd ;sfí kïëjr l¾udka;h ñksiqkaf.a Ôjfkdamdh úh yels h' tfuka u .jhka"W!rka" l l ka jeks i; ka we;s lrñka i;a;aj md,kh Ôjfkdamdhlr.kakd wh o isàug mq¿jk'l%shdldrluTn mdi, ksji wjg m%foaYfha j.d flfrk fNda. j¾. iyi;a;ajmd,kh hgf;a we;s lrkq ,nk i; ka kï lrkak'mejreï1' Tnf.a f.j;af;a iy mdi,a N ñfhys j.d lr we;s yd j.d l yels fNda. my; igykg wkqj ,shd olajkak'OdkHw,j¾.t j Mm,; refjk;aj.dlr we;sfNda.j.d l yels fNda.2' Tnf.a f.j;af;a fyda mdi,a N ñfhys fNda. j.d lsÍfï § TngÞhl úh yels wjia:d ; kla ,shkak'ld¾ñl lghq; lDIsl¾udka;h yereKq úg Tn m%foaYfhka imhd .; yels úúO wuqøjHfhdÞf.k lrkq ,nk úúO l¾udka; o ;sîug mq¿jk' ksoiqkla f,iksjfia we;s .Dy NdKav ksji wjg mßirfhka ,nd.;a j Wmfhda.slrf.k Tn m%foaYh ; u ksIamdokh lrkq ,enQ tAjd úh yels h'tfuka u ueá Wmfhda.s lrf.k j x" W M yd .fvd,a jeks ksIamdok o"isfuka;s Wmfhda.s lrf.k isfuka;s .,a" u,afmdaÉÑ jeks ksIamdok oisÿ lsÍu fï i yd ;j;a ksoiqka fõ'31
2'6 rEmhm%foaYfha iïm;a u; mokï jQ l¾udka;fndfyda m%foaYj, tu m%foaYfhka u ,nd .;a iajdNdúl iïm;a naturalresources) Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka úúO jQ l¾udka; lrkq ,efí' tfia u .DywdYs;% j lrkq ,nk l vd mßudK l¾udka; o Y%S ,xldfõ iEu m%foaYhlu jdf.a jHdma; j we;' ri leú,s ksIma dokh" iy,a wdY%;s ksIma dok" we ïueiSu" fldyq wdY%;s ksIma dok ksoiqka f,i laúh yels h'2'1 j. jmdrïmßl Ys,am kh u; mokï jQ l¾udka;l¾udka;,S nvqfjia uqyqKqms;a;, NdKavfõje,a NdKavmeÿre32m%foaYfudrgqjwïn,kaf.dvms su;,djrÞjvqkakÿïnrtfuka u mdrïmßl Ys,ma kh traditional technology)mokï lrf.k lrkq ,nkl¾udka; i yd m%ios Oa jQ m%foaYo wm rfgys olakg ,efí' 2'1j. j n,kak'
2'1 is;shumdrïmßl Ys,am kh u; mokï jQ l¾udka; lsysmhl msysàul%shdldrlï1'Tn m%foaYfha mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk l¾udka; ; kla kï lrtAjdhska Tn m%foaYhg ,eî we;s jdis fudkjd hs olajkak'2' j. fjys i yka f;dr; re mokï lr.ksñka tla tla l¾udka;msysgd we;s m%foaY" Èia;%slal yd m d;a . md ilia lr kej;,shkak'33
l¾udka;hfjiauqyqKqms;a;, NdKavmeÿreW M" .fvd,am%foaYhms kqjrmq;a;,um d;ol KuOHujhUmejreuTn m%foaY
ii m uqjk uqøKh - 2014 fojk uqøKh - 2015; kajk uqøKh - 2016 isõjk uqøKh - 2017 miajk uqøKh - 2018 yhjk uqøKh - 2019 y;ajk uqøKh - 2020 ish ysñlï weúß‚
