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Rekindling Hong Kong's economicgrowth through innovation2021
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovationForewordDr. David Chung, JPUnder Secretary for Innovation and Technology,Hong Kong SAR GovernmentHong Kong towards innovation driven re-industrialisationThe Policy Address delivered in October2021 demonstrated the current-termGovernment’s emphasis on, determination for,and commitment to promoting Hong Kong’sinnovation and technology (I&T) development.In addition to the proposed expansion of theInnovation and Technology Bureau into theInnovation, Technology and Industry Bureauto better support re-industrialisation, whichforms part of the Government re-organisationproposal, several forward-looking and groundbreaking I&T initiatives have been put forthin the Policy Address. With unprecedentedstrides made in this respect and substantialopportunities offered by the National14th Five-Year Plan and the GuangdongHong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA)development, we will continue to foster HongKong’s I&T development at full steam and laya solid foundation for developing Hong Konginto an international I&T hub.The Policy Address announced thedesignation of multiple land sites for I&Tuses, including (i) consolidating the HongKong-Shenzhen Innovation and TechnologyPark and the areas around Lok Ma Chau andSan Tin to form the San Tin Technopole; (ii)reviving the Ma Liu Shui Reclamation project,together with the relocation of Sha Tin SewageTreatment Works, which will provide new land1for I&T development; (iii) building landmarkI&T facilities with a scale comparable toCyberport in Lau Fau Shan; and (iv) reservingland sites for the University of Hong Kongand the Chinese University of Hong Kong forresearch and development. We have alsoinvited Hong Kong Science and TechnologyParks Corporation (HKSTP) to start planningfor the construction of the second AdvancedManufacturing Centre.To leverage our strength on health tech,we will also set up an InnoLife HealthtechHub in the Lok Ma Chau Loop, with the 16life and health-related laboratories in theInnoHK research clusters and the 8 State KeyLaboratories in life and health disciplines asthe basis, to focus on related research work.To support start-ups, HKSTP will set up theGBA InnoAcademy and GBA InnoExpress atits branch in Shenzhen to provide training andsupport them to go global and attract foreigninvestment.These new initiatives will propel Hong Kongforward on the journey of I&T development.The Government will endeavour to takeforward these initiatives with a view todeveloping Hong Kong into an internationalinnovation and technology hub.
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovationProf. Tam Kar YanDean of Business and Management,Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyThe spirit of entrepreneurship and innovationwithin Hong Kong remains alive and well,despite the realities set forth by the pandemic.COVID-19 has not had too much of a negativeimpact on entrepreneurial activities. Onthe contrary, the pandemic has provideda new stream of opportunities for thosewith an innovative mindset. Hong Kong’squick response to the situation is a furthertestament to the city's resilience to confrontthe crisis using innovative methods.The startup landscape in Hong Kong hasmade impressive progress over the years.Thanks to the favourable government policiesand incentives, as well as the launch of variousinitiatives by local universities, we are seeinga rise in the number of incubators. A growingnumber of students are choosing to starta business upon graduation, with a lot ofsuccess stories in Hong Kong and beyond.Israel, one of the critical challenges that HongKong will need to address is its talent pool.The success of global innovative cities has twocommon traits: they are a magnet for globaltalent and are home to leading technologycompanies. Hong Kong needs to attractbrilliant ideas and talent from all around theworld by taking advantage of its proximity toShenzhen as well as its deep integration withthe GBA.Additional investment into STEM educationis also welcomed, which will drive andunlock the full potential and creativity ofour new generation. We hope to see moreopportunities provided for our talented younggeneration to start meaningful and high-endprojects in the future. As long as their abilitiescan be fully utilised and their work recognised,Hong Kong's startup ecosystem should beable to grow and prosper.As a city that is rising to become a globalinnovation hub on par with Silicon Valley and2
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovationPrefacePhilip LawHong Kong LeaderDeloitte Technology Fast ProgramVenture Capital & Private Equity, Southern Region ChinaAs we celebrate our 5th year showcasingremarkable stories of growth and leadership,we’re delighted that so many companies inHong Kong’s tech industry are continuingto grow. The rise of businesses that havesuccessfully harnessed technology is clear.But as we know, the tech industry is built onresilience, grit and determination, and theability to quickly adapt, innovate and problemsolve to thrive in ever-changing circumstancesis in the DNA of founders and startups. Thecompanies in this year’s Tech Fast Rankinghave shown incredible leadership, agility,foresight, passion and perseverance, andbeyond their growth there is much to beproud of in this community.Through the research and data collectedin selecting these outstanding Tech Fastcompanies in Hong Kong and the GreaterBay Area, Deloitte and Alibaba Hong KongEntrepreneurs Fund have jointly produced theresearch to provide a deeper understandingof innovation and technology transitions. Italso provides a thorough comparison andunderstanding of emerging changes and the3implications of business-oriented innovationin Hong Kong and the Chinese Mainland.We are honoured to have Hong KongUniversity of Science and Technology (HKUST)Business School as our official knowledgepartner, and are particularly thankful for theirinput in designing the survey, carrying out partof the survey and providing valuable insightsduring the writing of this report.Embracing innovation allows organisationsto improve internal processes and drive theirgrowth potential. Hong Kong's fast growingtechnology companies, however, face anentirely different set of challenges than theirlarger peers due to limited resources. Thispaper explores the opportunities and barriersin the existing ecosystem that confront HongKong's growing companies.We extend an enormous thank you to oursponsors, strategic partners and supportingorganisations for the support they have giventhis year’s programme. Congratulations to allthe Technology Fast 2021 Hong Kong winners!
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovationContentsTechnology Fast Program7Background8Technology Leadership Winners9Technology Fast Winners10Rising Star Winners13Tech Fast Female Winners18Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovation19About the study20Introduction22Executive summary23Hong Kong’s startup landscape at a glance27Hong Kong’s innovation ecosystem34Ride on policy tailwinds: tapping into the GBA initiative62The way forward: recommendations for Hong Kong’s innovation ecosystem73References76Acknowledgment78Editors team79Contact us804
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovation Technology Fast ProgramThank you for your support!5
Strategic PartnersOfficial Knowledge PartnerDiamond SponsorSupporting Organisations6
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovationTechnology FastProgram7
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovationBackgroundFor more than two decades, Deloitte hasrecognised the fastest-growing public andprivate companies across the technologyecosystem through the Technology FastProgram. The program provides annualranking over 30 countries, celebratinginnovative, rapidly growing companies aroundthe world.The 2021 Deloitte Hong Kong Technology Fast(HKTF) ranks fast growing public and privatetechnology companies on their revenuegrowth over the last three years.HKTF is open to companies from thetechnology, life science and other neweconomy sectors. Tech Fast Companiesmust satisfy the following criteria: Three years of business operation Headquartered in Hong Kong At least HKD1,200,000 in operating revenueduring the 1st year of the 3-year evaluationperiod Proprietary intellectual property orproprietary technology that generatessubstantial operating revenueThree tech companies that have achievedoutstanding growth and leadership status areawarded Technology Leadership awards.Rising Star is a special category thatrecognises high-growth companies thathave demonstrated astounding businessgrowth, but are too young to be listed in theTechnology Fast ranking.Tech Fast Female awards recognisecompanies with considerable businessgrowth, and were founded or cofounded bywomen, or have female CEOs.HKTF is a sub-program of the DeloitteChina Technology Fast 50 Program (ChinaTF50). Once an enterprise reaches HKTF, itautomatically becomes eligible to enter theChina TF50 Program to compete with peersfrom every corner of the Chinese Mainland.Over the years, many companies named inthe global Deloitte Technology Fast 50 (GlobalTF50) have emerged to become internationaltechnology giants, with notable winnersincluding Apple, Google, Meta, Baidu, Alibaba,Tencent, Jingdong and Qihoo 360. Withmost of its companies at their early growthstages when ranked, the TF50 can alsobe considered the "Cradle of Rising Stars".China TF50 has become an important partof Deloitte Technology Fast 500 Asia Pacific(TF500 Asia Pacific), with companies achievingChina TF50 rankings automatically becomingcandidates for TF500 Asia Pacific.8
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovationTechnology Leadership Winners2021 Deloitte Hong Kong Technology Fast LeaderCrypto financeserviceAmber AI LimitedFounded in 2017, Amber Group is a leading digital assets platform with a presence in Asia, Europe, and the Americas.It provides a full range of digital asset services spanning investing, financing, trading, and spending. To date, it hasserviced more than 800 institutional clients and cumulatively traded over USD800 billion. Amber is backed by leadingglobal investors including Sequoia Capital and Tiger Global Management. In 2021, it raised USD100 million in Series Bfunding to become Hong Kong’s latest fintech ogy / NFT /Game developerAnimoca Brands Corporation LimitedAnimoca Brands is a leader in blockchain and gamification, driving digital property rights via NFTs and gaming to helpbuild the open metaverse. It raised US 65 million in October 2021 at a valuation of US 2.2 billion. The company hasa broad portfolio of products including the REVV and SAND tokens; original games including The Sandbox, PhantomGalaxies, and Crazy Defense Heroes; and products for hundreds of popular IPs including MotoGP , Disney, WWE,Power Rangers, and Doraemon. It has over 100 investments in NFT-related companies and decentralized projectsthat are building the open lpropertyVobile Group LimitedVobile Group is a globally leading SaaS solutions provider in content protection and monetization. It enables mediacompanies and brands to maximise the value of their IP in a new era. Vobile serves a wide range of customers,primarily content owners and distribution platforms. Its client roster includes many top-tier film studios, televisionnetworks, music labels, and sports leagues. Vobile is a technology innovator driven by data, a love of entertainment,and an entrepreneurial spirit, and is dedicated to the development of the media industry.https://www.vobilegroup.com9
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovationTechnology Fast Winners2021 Deloitte Hong Kong Technology Fast Awards#01LoyaltyprogramGrowth rate2095%AsiaTop Loyalty LimitedAsiaTop Loyalty operates the only open loop loyalty platform in the Greater Bay Area, which focus on loyalty pointsexchange, e-vouchers, digital marketing, and O2O by using the latest technologies such as blockchain, AI and AR.AsiaTop Loyalty leverages technologies to connect and integrate multiple loyalty programs, allowing fragmentedreward points to be converted into a universal unit – AT Points. Users can redeem coupons or exchange points froma wide variety of merchants in real-time on a single ment platformGrowth rate840%Chain Technology Development Co. LimitedChain is an innovator that develops one-stop digital twin solutions bridging innovative technology with architecture,engineering, construction, and the property management industry. Chain is dedicated to providing the single sourceof truth for clients to manage their sites anywhere and anytime, streamlining the decision-making process, andultimately facilitating overall sustainable iceGrowth rate328%Kin Shun Information Technology (Hong Kong) Limited (Zeek)Zeek provides one-stop O2O last-mile delivery solutions for F&B, lifestyle and FMCG merchants in Southeast Asiaincluding on-demand delivery for quick commerce, as well as SaaS tailored to corporate business needs. Zeekhas grown to be one of the leading logistics players in Southeast Asia and has expanded its business presence inSingapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam, and is planning to set foot in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Taiwan.https://www.zeek.one10
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovation2021 Deloitte Hong Kong Technology Fast AwardsConsecutiveAward for2series#04NewretailGrowth rate264%Starling Labs Limited (SHOPLINE)SHOPLINE is Asia's biggest smart commerce platform, helping brands of all sizes strengthen their local businesses andsell products everywhere. It has helped more than 150,000 brands open online stores since its foundation in 2013.https://shopline.hk#05All-rounded serviceplatformGrowth rate226%HelloToby Technology (HK) LimitedFounded in 2016, HelloToby is a leading service marketplace platform with over 800 categories, where users areempowered to connect with professionals, receive customized quotes, and achieve instant service booking. Sinceinception, Toby has expanded from a single lead-generation business focusing on freelancers and SMBs to aconsortium of consumer-centric service marketplaces that provide substantially better and more customised ed renovationplatformGrowth rate215%HK Decoman Technology LtdHKDECOMAN is a fast-growing one-stop O2O renovation platform, aiming to disrupt the traditional renovationindustry by bringing standardisation, transparency, convenience, and automation to the Growth rate154%Set Sail Venture LimitedSet Sail AI offers omni-channel, enterprise-grade automated customer engagement solutions. As a global partnerof Meta, the company helps leading enterprises improve the effectiveness of marketing campaigns and enhancecustomer service experience, leveraging an in-house proprietary Natural Language Processing Technology and AIautomation. The Group is actively expanding into South East Asia, serving multiple sectors.https://chatbot.com.hk11
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovation2021 Deloitte Hong Kong Technology Fast AwardsConsecutiveAward for2series#08LogisticserviceGrowth rate126%Alfred24 Tech HK Limitedalfred24 Technologies (formally Pakpobox) is a tech-logistics company specialised in automated parcel lockers andsoftware solutions to make deliveries sustainable, efficient, and convenient for all. It provides plug & play and scalablelogistics solutions that multiply the efficiency of a single courier, reducing the number of delivery vehicles on the roadand the environmental impact of commercial urban transport.alfred24 Technologies has built parcel locker networks in sixteen countries for numerous logistics service providersand operates 9,000 pickup points in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Italy, and areGrowth rate110%Aloha Group LimitedAloha is a Hong Kong based Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and digital marketing tech company founded in 2016.The company is an incubation member of the Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, currently in its highestselective program, the Leading Enterprises Acceleration Program (LEAP). The company aims to use its proprietaryplatform and SEO expertise to establish customers’ organic search digital foundations while expanding their digitalreach through digital paid media eAward for2series#10CommunicationtechnologyGrowth rate102%GoGoChart Technology LimitedGoGoChart, a tech-enabled mobile marketing firm in Hong Kong, was the first Apple certified & Google Apppartner in Hong Kong. Its mission is to become the world’s leading mobile marketing technology brand. Since itsestablishment in 2016, the company has helped over 2,000 brands in more than 60 countries optimise and promotetheir apps. It has also evolved into an all-rounded digital marketing service provider after winning trust fromthousands of brands. Key clients of GoGoChart include Fortune 500 companies, blue-chip listed companies andSMEs from the finance, consumer, e-commerce and gaming sectors.https://www.gogochart.com12
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovationRising Star Winners2021 Deloitte Hong Kong Technology Rising Star Awards (in alphabetical order)#01BioscienceBone's Technology LimitedBone’s Technology is developing a preventative treatment system with unprecedented safety and effectiveness forpatients at risk of osteoporotic fracture. It focuses on the healthcare system and biotechnology and believes it canimprove the life quality of elderly people and relieve the financial burden for every lus Technologies LimitedCaelus targets the design and development of destructive solutions based on patented technologies by offering ultrahigh performance analog solutions IP or standalone chips to customers and partners. The concept works well even invery deep submicron processes to take advantage of process scaling. Caelus provides solutions across a wide range ofapplications such as instrumentation, medical imaging, data acquisition, sensors, and wireless/wireline lysisDayta AI LimitedDayta AI is a Hong Kong-based AI startup formed by three young and passionate entrepreneurs. Its Smart Retail & Mallsolution, Cyclops, uses AI to analyse video footage and assess data to improve conversion, marketing and alIntelligenceDeepTranslate LimitedDeepTranslate is one of the industry’s leading AI translation engines. Its mission is to transform professionalcommunication intelligently. With cutting-edge deep learning technology and top-notch research and development,translation, and linguistics teams, it works with clients to enhance efficiency and provide opportunities for growth.https://deeptranslate.hk13
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovation2021 Deloitte Hong Kong Technology Rising Star Awards (in alphabetical order)#05IntelligenthardwareeNano Health LimitedeNano is developing a series of saliva-based solutions for self-health management and fast screening of multiplediseases based on the company’s patented platform erEn-trak Hong Kong LimitedEn-trak is a proptech IoT solutions provider based in Asia. It is on a mission to make buildings more efficient,productive, and comfortable places to work, all while helping to reduce carbon footprint and operating costs.https://www.en-trak.com#07Travel andlifestyleFreeD Group LimitedFREED GROUP is an award-winning AI digital and smart merchandising solution company utilizing artificial intelligence,big data and machine learning technologies to provide end-2-end digital solutions, which enrich and expand itscustomers’ service scope and service level by building consumer facing digital platforms that combine vendorresources, inventory management, and AI recommendation system into one solution.https://www.freed.group#08Food andbeverageHestia Technology LimitedHestia is the provider of a prepared meal subscription service intended to deliver freshly cooked food to customers.The company is committed to becoming a pioneer in the automation and standardisation of Chinese food cooking anddelivering, enabling consumers to access healthy, freshly cooked food.https://www.hestia.kitchen14
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovation2021 Deloitte Hong Kong Technology Rising Star Awards (in alphabetical order)#09TechnologyHinyeung LimitedHinyeung focuses on high-speed and high-resolution 3D cameras and smart industrial robotics systems. Theaccuracy of Hinyeung 3D cameras can reach up to 0.5 microns level and the frame rate is up to 310 FPS. The smartindustrial robotics systems developed by Hinyeung includes 3D data analysis algorithms, robotics trajectory planning,and positioning algorithms, which improve the efficiency of setting up 3D machine vision systems. Hinyeung’sproducts are mainly applied in the logistics, automotive, electronics, and semiconductor g Kong Digital Asset Ex LimitedHKbitEX is a leading digital asset exchange and is committed to providing a compliant and regulated digital assetspot trading and over-the-counter trading platform for global professional investors. HKbitEX was one of the firstorganisations in Asia-Pacific to apply for a "virtual asset trading platform licence" from the Hong Kong’s Securities andFutures Commission, which will further enable it to offer compliant, secure and reliable digital asset trading servicesto global professional and institutional TechnologyIgnaticaCloud-native solutions built to accelerate new product development and transform the customer service experience.Ignatica’s solutions enable innovative insurance product creation, straight through digital servicing, and bettercustomer vicesMediConCen LimitedMediConCen is a leading, Hong Kong-based Insurtech startup established in 2018. MediConCen utilizes blockchaintechnology to provide clients with seamless and automatic insurance claim and medical consultation experiences.https://mediconcen.com15
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovation2021 Deloitte Hong Kong Technology Rising Star Awards (in alphabetical order)#13EnvironmentalScienceRHT Industries LimitedRHT Industries Limited is a technology company that focuses on the sustainable development of innovativetechnologies in material sciences. RHT aims to combine the advanced overseas technology using sustainable materials,promote the “b-MOLA” brand internationally, and create a green living environment for the next generation.https://www.rhtind.com.hk#14Robotic solutionplatformRobocore Technology LimitedRobocore is a leading developer of applications for robotics platforms. It develops solutions for all segments andcustomers including home, hospitality, retail, medical, industrial, commercial, and all other relevant applications.Robocore develops solutions by integrating smart external sensors on platforms, such as wellness sensors, medicalgrade sensors, and aomics Inc.Sirnaomics is a clinical-stage RNA therapeutic biopharmaceuticals company focused on the discovery anddevelopment of innovative drugs for indications with significant unmet medical needs and large market opportunities.Sirnaomics is the first company to achieve positive Phase IIa clinical outcomes in oncology for an RNAi therapeutics forits core product, STP 705, and is the first clinical-stage RNA therapeutics company to have a strong presence in Chinaand the US.https://sirnaomics.com#16TechnologySmartMore Corporation LimitedSmartMore is a leading vision AI company, focusing on applying computer vision to intelligent manufacturing andultra-HD video industries. The mission of SmartMore is to keep innovating and to create excellence. With solidexperience in the computer vision field for over 20 years, SmartMore provides full-stack and end-to-end vision AIservices with a four-in-one solution that includes algorithms, applications, engineering, and chips.https://www.smartmore.com16
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovation2021 Deloitte Hong Kong Technology Rising Star Awards (in alphabetical order)#17BiotechnologyTake2 Health LimitedTake2 Health Limited is a healthcare start-up headquartered in Hong Kong that explores, invents, and buildsempowering platforms to harness the power of biomedical sciences and informatics, delivering better healthcaresolutions to individuals and communities with actionable information and results. Take2 Health aims to be a keydriver of making innovative healthcare inventions widely accessible to the public in China and across atrix Technology LimitedVisionMatrix Technology focuses on accurate, affordable, fast, and scalable video search solutions for commercialclients and online users, to find interesting content about people, behaviors, objects, or celebrities among massivevideo hnologyVoiceAI Technologies Hong Kong LimitedVoiceAI Technologies is an innovative AI company focusing on speech analysis which owns a full stack of acoustic andspeech processing technologies, dedicated to activating and reconstructing the value of speech data, while helpingcustomers improve risk control, compliance management, and echnologyYAS Digital LimitedYAS is the insurtech pioneer in Hong Kong. Through deep technologies and data analytics-driven approach, YAS is abrand-new microinsurance marketplace that functions like an app store, empowering insurers with open APIs readyto plug and play in accordance with growing trends within the on-demand economy.https://www.yas.io17
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovationTech Fast Female Winners2021 Deloitte Hong Kong Technology Fast Outstanding Female Entrepreneur Awards#01NewretailLaclary Hong Kong LimitedLaclary (Qponbay) is an online marketplace for discerning retailers and consumers who are seeking the products ofbrands leading with ethical practices. All of the products listed on Qponbay are screened and verified on its built-inblockchain system delivering on five core values: authenticity, traceability, transparency, safety, and h &FintechFreightAmigo Services LimitedFreightAmigo is a 1-stop supply chain finance eMarketPlace. Individuals and corporate clients can compare air freight,sea freight, rail freight, courier, and cross-border trucking services door-to-door instant freight quotes. FreightAmigoalso provides supports instantaneous customs clearance, trade finance, and cargo insurance.https://www.freightamigo.com/18
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovationRekindling HongKong's economicgrowth throughinnovation19
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovationAbout the studyFor HKTF 2021, Deloitte, in collaboration withAlibaba Hong Kong Entrepreneurs Fund, hasconducted primary and secondary researchon and interviewed Hong Kong's fastestgrowing tech companies, aiming to provide asystematic analysis of the current state andevolvement of Hong Kong’s I&T ecosystem.We are honoured to have Hong KongUniversity of Science and Technology (HKUST)Business School as our official knowledgepartner, and are particularly thankful for theirinput in designing the survey, carrying outpart of the survey and providing valuableinsights during the writing of this report.Research methodologyThe data in this report is mainly based onsurveys carried out in the third quarter of2021 in Hong Kong. A series of individualinterviews with key stakeholders acrossHong Kong’s innovation ecosystem wereconducted simultaneously. Their viewpointsare presented throughout the report.faced by Hong Kong in the domain oftechnological innovation, and areas thatneed further improvement to strengthenits innovation ecosystem. The respondentsrepresented large, mid-sized and small startups. The background of respondents variedacross a broad range of industries, includingartificial intelligence, financial technology, lifesciences and healthcare. The EntrepreneurSurvey was also conducted in other citiesof the Chinese Mainland. This comparesHong Kong with representative cities in theGreater Bay Area and the rest of the ChineseMainland cities across multiple dimensionsincluding innovation, human resources,employee motivation and companies'development plans.The Student Survey targeted studententrepreneurs from universities in HongKong. The survey canvassed studententrepreneurs’ opinions and attitudestowards Hong Kong's innovation andtechnology environment.The Entrepreneur Survey sheds light on HongKong government’s efforts in promoting I&Tsector, major challenges and opportunities20
Rekindling Hong Kong's economic growth through innovation153 Hong Kong-based entrepreneurs and startup executives14%seed stage22%early stage35%roll-out stage29%growth or maturity stageTop sectors ustainability,environmental,green technology15%financialtechnology8%internet of things,3D are7%newretail8%digitalentertainment,media, gaming23%others1,382 Hong Kong-based university students68%undergraduate23%post-grad or M
Dec 10, 2021 · COVID-19 has not had too much of a negative impact on entrepreneurial activities. On the contrary, the pandemic has provided a new stream of opportunities for those with an innovative mindset. Hong Kong’s quick response to the situation is a further testament to the city's re
