WIXLIB

Behavioral modification and habitatmanagement tactics for insectsuppression: concepts, practice, andlimitationsLukasz Stelinskistelinski@ufl.eduEntomology/Citrus Research and Education Center

Outline:›The Push-Pull Strategy for Pest Management-From the research and teaching ofmy PhD advisor-J.R. Miller (MSU)›Habitat management for pest control-From the research and teaching ofD. Landis, Professor (MSU)›Use of pheromones for pest control-From my research and collaboration withS. Lapointe (USDA-ARS)

Push-Pull:›››››››What is the concept and who came up with it?How is it used in pest management?What were some of the origins of it’s use?How do you set it up to work in the field?What are its strengths?What are its limitations?Can it be applied in citrus for ACP control?

The Push-Pull Tactic was developed consideringthe “basic principles of insect populationsuppression

E. F. Knipling 1979USDA Gov’t Publication

Parameters of Damage to Crops:DamageDxA xS xT

Parameters of Damage to Crops:DamageDxA xS xT

Major tactics for managing chemicaldefensetillageinsecticidesnaturalenemies repeldeterattracttrap

InsecticidesDamageDxA xS xT

Resistant VarietiesDamageDxA xS xT

Behavioral Manipulations:deterrents, repellents, attractants, anti-feedantsDamageDxA xS xT

Behavioral Manipulations:deterrents, repellents, attractants, anti-feedantsDamageDxA xS xTEffects can vary over time due toshifting behavioral thresholds

Rolling - Fulcrum Model-Developed by J.R. MillerOlfactionTasteTouchVisionE excitatoryI InhibitoryEEI.IEIAcceptEII. .Rolling FulcrumIIINotAccept

What is the concept of PUSH-PULL ?

What is the concept of PUSH-PULL ?It is the simple idea of combining two forcesto move something away from where you don’twant it and toward where you do want it.

What is the concept of PUSH-PULL ?It is the simple idea of combining two forcesto move something away from where you don’twant it and toward where you do want it.The idea is that by combining the force of pushwith the force of pull, the job gets done betterthan with either force alone. In some cases theeffect can be synergistic.

What is the concept of PUSH-PULL ?It is the idea of combining two forcesto move something away from where you don’twant it and toward where you do want it.The idea is that by combining the force ofpush with the force of pull, the effect on thepest is better than it would be if you usedeither force alone

Origins of Push–Pull in pest management—

J.R. Miller’s research onbehavioral manipulationsof onion fly

Deterrents alone wereunsuccessful

% Maximum Response100Onion fly806040200Ovipositional Resource Quality

The main chemical emitted by onion is:dipropyl disulfide CH3CH2CH2-S-S-CH2CH2CH3

% Maximum Response10080oOnion flyo Harris ExperimentWeston Experiment6040o200 o0oo12oo34Number of Optimized Factors5

Cull onions – large onionbulbs; sprouting andnot marketable

Cull Onions(Trap Crop)Seedling Onions(Valued Crop)Seedling Onions(Valued Crop)

Cull Onions(Trap Crop)FlySeedling Onions(Valued Crop)DeterrentsPUSHFlyAttractantsPULLSeedling Onions(Valued Crop)

Dr. Martin Rice working with Heliothis moth pests of cotton inAustralia independently came up with the push - pull ideasimultaneously. Martin and colleagues published a trade article onthis approach in the Australian Cotton Grower and a shortsummary in a Heliothis workshop proceedings. He called it thepush-pull approach and that name for the tactic became accepted.Plantings of pigeon-pea served as the PULLNeem (azadirachtin) served as the PUSH

Dr. John Pickett. Rothamsted Experimental Station.Institute of Arable Crops Research,Rothamsted, Harpenden. AL5 2JQ Hertfordshire.England.Pickett became the champion of the Push-Pull approach

A classic push-pull example

A classic push-pull exampleMaize Stemborercan destroy up to 80% ofthe maize cropStriga -- witch weedparasitic plant that canreduce yields by 20–60%

NapierGrassMaizeSilverleaf(Desmodium)Stemborers reduced by 30-80%Witchweed reduced by 50%SudanGrass

Some other examples:Pickett and coworkers –several aphid speciesuse plant volatiles as repellentsuse other volatiles and pheromones as attractantspea and bean weevils (Smart et al., 1994)use aggregations pheromone enhanced with plantvolatiles as pulluse volatiles from repellent plants as the push

Some other examples:Bark beetlesJohn Borden and co-workers commencingearly 1990s; use aggregation pheromones forthe pull and several well-known antiaggregation chemicals for the push.Shea and Neustein (1995) saved a stand of rareand highly valuable pines using a variationof the Borden approach

Example from urban pest:German cockroachNalyanya et al. (2000)RRRRRRRARtoxic baitA

Example from urban pest:German cockroachNalyanya et al. (2000)RRRRRRRARtoxic baitPush-Pull “Corralling”A

Advantages of Push – Pull : Environmentally friendly Is compatible with biological control Can have side benefits Can spawn new productse.g., Desmodium seed production Likely to be sustainable because theforces of selection are not overwhelming

Down-sides of Push – Pull : Tends to require considerable work and attention Potency of control may not rival insecticides Like other behavioral controls, this tactic tends tobe quite sensitive to pest density.Typical insecticides operate quite independently ofpest density.

Repellent plants at houseeves: Corymbia, Ocimum (Push)Cattle available foralternative blood source (Pull)

Ovi-traps deployed in/around the house (Pull)Repellent plants deployed around productive larval habitats (Push)

Applications for Citrus In India, Garlic plants (which deter manypests) are inter-cropped with citrus

In Asia, citrus is often interplantedwith guava

Effect of Citrus/GuavaInterplanting on ACP densityInterplanted and monoculture plots 1 km apartLower adult densitiesLower nymph densitiesHall et al. 2008

Disease Incidence (%HLB)In Guava-Citrus interplanted orchards, no incidence of HLBIn Citrus monoculture, HLB increases after 5 monthsMost monocultures die within 2-3 yearsGuava interplants reported to last 15 or more years without HLBHall et al. 2008

GuavaCitrusMethan.DMSH2SSO2Response - MilliVolts600DMDSGuava releases large amounts of sulfurcompounds in response to damage400Damaged200Non-Damaged02.03.04.0Time - Minutes-Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS) is a known insect repellent-DMDS is also a known insect neurotoxin5.06.0Rouseff et al.2008

Percent psyllid responseSulfur compounds repel psyllids in the lab100a80100 pg/ ml of truswithDMTSCitruswithDMDS DMTS

Treatment of citrus with DMDS5 replicated 0.4 acre plots of sweet orangecv. ‘Valencia’Treatments:1) DMDS-treated plots2) Untreated control

Mean SE number of ACPper 10 trees per replicateApplication of DMDS can reducepsyllid populations in the field54*3***2*200 disperserper acre10Pre3Treatment*ControlDMDS3 kg DMDSper acre7111421Days after treatmentSignificantly different by Student t-test28

Potential application of Push-Pull forCitrus Pest Management:For Push-Use repellent. Can either use a plant (alliumsp. or Guava). Or can possibly use synthetic repellentlike sulfur compounds that repel psyllidsFor Pull-Use attractant plant. Perhaps sacrifice a rowof citrus that is heavily pruned and fertilized to keepproducing new flush that will act as psyllid attractant.Or, alternatively, plant Murraya hedge rows aroundcitrus grove to act as attractant.One in a while, spray trap-crop attractant withinsecticide to kill off psyllids.

Conclusions:Push-Pull is very common-sense ideaIt is still young as a formalized tactic:its full scope remains to be worked out;e.g., nature of possible synergisms betweenpush and pull (additive; multiplicative, other)It is probably most likely to be adopted and sustainedin situations where insecticidal controls are notavailable.It is no silver bullet; it probably will operate bestin an setting where this tactic is integrated withvarious other tactics (Killeen et al., 2004).It’s possible dependency on pest density needsto be understood and respected.

Habitat managementmodify habitat to modify insectbehavior for pest control– Disturbance and agriculturallandscape structure– How landscape structure affectsnatural enemies– Habitat management to improvebiological control– Thoughts on designing agriculturallandscapes

Disturbance “Any relatively discrete event in timethat disrupts ecosystem, communityor population structure and changesresources, substrate availability orthe physical environment.”Pickett and White 1985

Crop Landscapes DisturbanceRegime– Frequent– Intense– Uniform Result– Uncouples naturalenemies and nonhost resources

What Beneficial Insects Need Food– Pollen– Nectar Shelter– Overwintering sites– Moderate microclimates– Refuge from tillage,pesticides etc. Hosts/Prey– Primary– Alternate

Conservation BiologicalControlManipulation of the environment to enhancethe survival, fecundity, longevity, andbehavior of natural enemies to increasetheir effectiveness.Habitat ManagementA subset of conservation biological controlmethods that alters habitats to improveavailability of the resources required bynatural enemies for optimal performance.Landis, Wratten and Gurr 2000 Annu. Rev. Entmol.

Habitat Management“Beetle Banks”“Sown Weed Strips”

Carabids as GeneralistPredators

Manipulating Arthropod y11.5 m0.15 mplot

% Pupae Removed(arcsin trans.)Pupal Consumption235302520151050R 0.70260246Number of Beetles (sqrt transformed)Four most predominant beetle species: P. melanarius, P.chalcites, P. lucublandus, P. permundusMenalled et al. 1999. BioControl. 43: 441-456

Carabid Refuge StripExperiment

Carabid Species Richness4035302520Species Richness1510501996199719981999Carmona & Landis 1999. Environ. Entomol. 28: 1145-53.Lee et al. 2001. J. Appl. Ecol. 38: 472-483

Mean Number a & Landis 1999. Environ. Entomol. 28: 1145-53.Lee et al. 2001. J. Appl. Ecol. 38: 472-483

32 mExperimental Site66 mBlock IBlock IIBlock IIIBlock IVRefuge stripControl cornstrip15m x 15m plotwith plasticbarriersInsecticidetreated areas

Mean carabids capturedCarabid Activity-Density 20100Sampling daterefuge-untreated cropcontrol-untreated croprefuge-treated cropcontrol-treated crop

Habitat Management Know what pestsyou hope to reduce Know what types ofnatural enemies tofavor Design habitats tofavor specificbeneficials

Habitat Management forBeneficials Through theYear Winter Provide suitable overwintering sites– Sheltered locations– Plant residue– Cover crops

Habitat Management forBeneficials Through theYear Spring– Early spring green-up– Food– Shelter

Habitat Management forBeneficials Through theYearSummer– Diversity of flowering plants– Overlap of blooming periods– Accessible nectar

Habitat Management forBeneficials Through theYearSummer Cont.– Alternative hosts/prey– Moderated microclimates

Habitat Management forBeneficials Through theYear Fall– Limit residue burial– Plant cover crops

Some Additional Guidelines Consider wind and water flow patterns – Soil and water retentionConnectivityCloser is betterA little is better than none at allPerennial & annual habitatsAdditional sources of income– e.g. timber, nursery stock, cut flowers Aesthetic and wildlife considerations

Mating Disruption:››››››What is the concept?How does it fit into pest management broadly?What are the actually mechanisms underlying?How have we figured out how it works?What’s the future?What are its limitations?

Communication among mothsWindPheromone plume Females release pheromonefrom specialized glands Straight chain ca. 12-14 carbonalcohols, acetate, aldehydes Typically blends of 3-4 compounds Antennal sensilla siftpheromone moleculesfrom the air Odorant stimulatesreceptor cells withinantenna

What is the “normal” situation ?

What is the “normal” situation ?female

What is the “normal” situation ?gentle windfemale

What is the “normal” situation ?gentle windfemale

What is the “normal” situation ?gentle windfemale

What is the “normal” situation ?gentle windfemale

What is the “normal” situation ?gentle windfemale