Transcription
Peterson’sMASTERTOEFLWRITING SKILLS
About Peterson’s, a Nelnet companyPeterson’s (www.petersons.com) is a leading provider of education information and advice, with books and onlineresources focusing on education search, test preparation, and financial aid. Its Web site offers searchable databases andinteractive tools for contacting educational institutions, online practice tests and instruction, and planning tools forsecuring financial aid. Peterson’s serves 110 million education consumers annually.For more information, contact Peterson’s, 2000 Lenox Drive, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648;800-338-3282; or find us on the World Wide Web at www.petersons.com/about. 2007 Peterson’s, a Nelnet companyPreviously published as Grammar Workbook for the TOEFL Exam 1971, 1974, 1976,1978, 1980, 1985, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998Editor: Wallie Walker Hammond; Production Editor: Linda Seghers; ManufacturingManager: Raymond Golaszewski; Composition Manager: Gary RozmierskiALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may bereproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical,including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage andretrieval systems—without the prior written permission of the publisher.ISBN-13: 978-0-7689-2329-2ISBN-10: 0-7689-2329-8Printed in the United States of America10987First Edition65432108 07 06
Petersons.com/publishingCheck out our Web site at www.petersons.com/publishing to see if there is any new informationregarding the tests and any revisions or corrections to the content of this book. We’ve made sure theinformation in this book is accurate and up-to-date; however, the test format or content may havechanged since the time of publication.
OTHER TITLES IN SERIESPeterson’s Master TOEFL Reading SkillsPeterson’s Master TOEFL Vocabulary
Contents.Before You Begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .How This Book Is Organized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Special Study Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .You’re Well on Your Way to Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Give Us Your Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Top 10 Strategies to Raise Your Score . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ixixixxxxixiiPART I: TOEFL WRITING BASICS1All About TOEFL Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The TOEFL Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Integrated Writing Task of the TOEFL iBT . . . . . . . . . . .Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3389PART II: DIAGNOSING STRENGTHS ANDWEAKNESSES2Practice Test 1: Diagnostic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Answer Key and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20PART III: TOEFL WRITING REVIEW3Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Adverbs Like Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Split Infinitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Dangling Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Adjective/Adverb Confusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Adjectives after Verbs of Sensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Noun Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Hyphenated or Compound Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Few, Little, Much, and Many . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
viContents.Sameness and Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Superlatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cause and Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Too, Very, and Enough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Negation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Exercises: Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Answer Key and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444648505355576164654Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Time Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Verbs of “Demand” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Wishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Conditionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Modals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Verbals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Past Participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Present and Perfect Participles and Infinitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Exercises: Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Answer Key and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Relative Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Personal Pronouns—Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Who/Whom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Possessives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Faulty Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Those Modified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Exercises: Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Basic Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Indirect Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Order of Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Embedded Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116To/For (Purpose) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Double Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Exercises: Basic Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Contentsvii.7Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Wordiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Substandard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Words Often Confused, Group I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Words Often Confused, Group II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Words Often Confused, Group III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Correlative Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Subject/Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Prepositions (General Use) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Prepositions in Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Exercises: Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Answer Key and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176PART IV: THREE PRACTICE TESTSPractice Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Answer Key and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Practice Test 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Answer Key and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Practice Test 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Answer Key and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201www.petersons.com.Answer Key and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Before You Begin.HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZEDIf you are preparing for any version of the TOEFL, you are not alone. Almosta million people all over the world took the TOEFL last year. A high score onthis test is an essential step in being admitted to graduate or undergraduateprograms at almost all colleges and universities in North America. Butpreparing for this test can be a difficult, often frustrating experience.Peterson’s Master TOEFL Writing Skills, used as a self-tutor, will help youimprove your writing skills. Top 10 Strategies to Raise Your Score gives you test-taking strategies. Part I includes basic information about the TOEFL writing section. Part II provides a diagnostic test to determine your strengths andweaknesses. Part III provides the basic grammar and writing review. The exercisesprogress from relatively simple to relatively difficult as you continuethrough the book. Various skills, such as error identification and writingstyle, are reviewed. Part IV includes three additional practice writing tests. They will showyou how well you have mastered the writing skills presented in this book.SPECIAL STUDY FEATURESPeterson’s Master TOEFL Writing Skills is designed to be user-friendly. To thisend, it includes features to make your preparation much more efficient.OverviewThe review chapter begins with a bulleted overview, listing the topics to becovered in the chapter. This will allow you to quickly target the areas in whichyou are most interested.ix
xBefore You Begin.
supplement to your other TOEFL test preparation, you will fine-tune your writing skills and abilities. GIVE US YOUR FEEDBACK Peterson’s publishes a full line of resources to help guide you and your family through the college admission process. We welcome any comments or suggestions you may have about this publication and invite you to complete our online survey at www.petersons.com .
