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xScalable Big Data Privacy with MapReduceSecure Big Data Computing in Cloud:An OverviewSecurity and Privacy in Big Data EnvironmentBusiness Process AnalyticsSection Editor: Marlon Dumasand Matthias WeidlichArtifact-Centric Process MiningAutomated Process DiscoveryBusiness Process AnalyticsBusiness Process Deviance MiningBusiness Process Event Logs and VisualizationBusiness Process Model MatchingBusiness Process Performance MeasurementBusiness Process QueryingConformance CheckingData-Driven Process SimulationDecision Discovery in Business ProcessesDeclarative Process MiningDecomposed Process Discovery andConformance CheckingEvent Log Cleaning for Business ProcessAnalyticsHierarchical Process DiscoveryMultidimensional Process AnalyticsPredictive Business Process MonitoringProcess Model RepairQueue MiningStreaming Process Discovery and ConformanceCheckingTrace ClusteringBig Data BenchmarkingSection Editor: Meikel Poess and Tilmann RablAnalytics BenchmarksAuditingBenchmark HarnessCRUD BenchmarksComponent BenchmarkEnd-to-End BenchmarkEnergy BenchmarkingGraph BenchmarkingMetrics for Big Data BenchmarksList of TopicsMicrobenchmarkSparkBenchStream BenchmarksSystem Under TestTPCTPC-DSTPC-HTPCx-HSVirtualized Big Data BenchmarksYCSBGraph data management and analyticsSection Editor: Hannes Voigtand George FletcherFeature Learning from Social GraphsGraph Data Integration and ExchangeGraph Data ModelsGraph Exploration and SearchGraph Generation and BenchmarksGraph InvariantsGraph OLAPGraph Partitioning: Formulations andApplications to Big DataGraph Path NavigationGraph Pattern MatchingGraph Query LanguagesGraph Query ProcessingGraph Representations and StorageGraph VisualizationGraph Data Management SystemsHistorical Graph ManagementIndexing for Graph Query EvaluationInfluence Analytics in GraphsLink Analytics in GraphsLinked Data ManagementParallel Graph ProcessingVisual Graph QueryingData CompressionSection Editor: Paolo Ferragina(Web/Social) Graph CompressionCompressed Indexes for RepetitiveTextual DatasetsComputing the Cost of Compressed Data

List of TopicsDegrees of Separation and Diameterin Large GraphsDelta Compression TechniquesDimension ReductionGenomic Data CompressionGrammar-Based CompressionInverted Index CompressionRDF CompressionSimilarity SketchingBig Stream ProcessingSection Editor: Alessandro Margaraand Tilmann RablAdaptive WindowingApache ApexApache FlinkApache KafkaApache SamzaxiContinuous QueriesDefinition of Data StreamsElasticityIntroduction to Stream Processing AlgorithmsManagement of TimeOnline Machine Learning Algorithms overData StreamsOnline Machine Learning in Big Data Streams:OverviewPattern RecognitionRecommender Systems over Data StreamsReinforcement Learning, Unsupervised Methods,and Concept Drift in Stream LearningRendezvous ArchitecturesStream Processing Languages and AbstractionsStream Query OptimizationStreaming MicroservicesTypes of Stream Processing AlgorithmsUncertainty in Streams

About the EditorsProfessor Sherif Sakr is the Head of Data Systems Group at the Instituteof Computer Science, University of Tartu. He received his PhD degree inComputer and Information Science from Konstanz University, Germany,in 2007. He received his BSc and MSc degrees in Computer Sciencefrom the Information Systems Department at the Faculty of Computers andInformation in Cairo University, Egypt, in 2000 and 2003, respectively.During his career, Prof. Sakr held appointments in several internationaland reputable organizations including the University of New South Wales,Macquarie University, Data61/CSIRO, Microsoft Research, Nokia Bell Labs,and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.Prof. Sakr’s research interest is data and information management ingeneral, particularly in big data processing systems, big data analytics,data science, and big data management in cloud computing platforms.Professor Sakr has published more than 100 refereed research publicationsin international journals and conferences such as the Proceedings of theVLDB Endowment (PVLDB), IEEE Transactions on Parallel and DistributedSystems (IEEE TPDS), IEEE Transactions on Service Computing (IEEETSC), IEEE Transactions on Big Data (IEEE TBD), ACM Computing Surveys(ACM CSUR), Journal of Computer and System Sciences (JCSS), Information Systems Journal, Cluster Computing, Journal of Grid Computing, IEEECommunications Surveys and Tutorials (IEEE COMST), IEEE Software,Scientometrics, VLDB, SIGMOD, ICDE, EDBT, WWW, CIKM, ISWC,BPM, ER, ICWS, ICSOC, IEEE SCC, IEEE Cloud, TPCTC, DASFAA,ICPE, and JCDL. Professor Sakr Co-authored 5 books and Co-Edited 3 otherbooks in the areas of data and information management and processing. Sherifis an associate editor of the cluster computing journal and Transactions onLarge-Scale Data and Knowledge-Centered Systems (TLDKS). He is also aneditorial board member of many reputable international journals. Prof. Sakr isan ACM Senior Member and an IEEE Senior Member. In 2017, he has beenxiii

xivappointed to serve as an ACM Distinguished Speaker and as an IEEEDistinguished Speaker. For more information, please visit his personal webpage (http://kodu.ut.ee/ sakr/) and his research group page (http://bigdata.cs.ut.ee/)Albert Y. Zomaya is currently the Chair Professor of High PerformanceComputing & Networking in the School of Information Technologies, University of Sydney. He is also the Director of the Centre for Distributed and HighPerformance Computing which was established in late 2009. Dr. Zomaya wasan Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow during 2010–2014 andheld the CISCO Systems Chair Professor of Internetworking during the period2002–2007 and also was Head of school for 2006–2007 in the same school.Prior to his current appointment, he was a Full Professor in the Electricaland Electronic Engineering Department at the University of Western Australia, where he also led the Parallel Computing Research Laboratory duringthe period 1990–2002. He served as Associate, Deputy, and Acting Head inthe same department and held numerous visiting positions and has extensiveindustry involvement.Dr. Zomaya published more than 600 scientific papers and articles and isauthor, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books. He served as the Editorin Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Computers (2011–2014). Currently,he serves as a Founding Editor in Chief for the IEEE Transactions onSustainable Computing, a Co-founding Editor in Chief of the IET CyberPhysical Systems: Theory and Applications, and an Associate Editor in Chief(special issues) of the Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing.Dr. Zomaya is an Associate Editor for several leading journals, such asthe ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, ACM Computing Surveys,IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing, IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, and IEEE Transactions on Big Data. He is also theFounding Editor of several book series, such as the Wiley Book Series onParallel and Distributed Computing, the Springer Scalable Computing andCommunications, and the IET Book Series on Big Data.Dr. Zomaya was the Chair the IEEE Technical Committee on ParallelProcessing (1999–2003) and currently serves on its executive committee. Heis the Vice-Chair of the IEEE Task Force on Computational Intelligence forCloud Computing and serves on the advisory board of the IEEE TechnicalCommittee on Scalable Computing and the steering committee of the IEEETechnical Area in Green Computing.About the Editors

About the EditorsxvDr. Zomaya has delivered more than 180 keynote addresses, invitedseminars, and media briefings and has been actively involved, in a varietyof capacities, in the organization of more than 700 conferences.Dr. Zomaya is a Fellow of the IEEE, the American Association for theAdvancement of Science, and the Institution of Engineering and Technology(UK). He is a Chartered Engineer and an IEEE Computer Society’s GoldenCore Member. He received the 1997 Edgeworth David Medal from the RoyalSociety of New South Wales for outstanding contributions to Australianscience. Dr. Zomaya is the recipient of the IEEE Technical Committee onParallel Processing Outstanding Service Award (2011), the IEEE TechnicalCommittee on Scalable Computing Medal for Excellence in Scalable Computing (2011), the IEEE Computer Society Technical Achievement Award(2014), and the ACM MSWIM Reginald A. Fessenden Award (2017). Hisresearch interests span several areas in parallel and distributed computing andcomplex systems. More information can be found at http://www.it.usyd.edu.au/ azom0780/.

About the Section EditorsPramod Bhatotia The University of Edinburgh and Alan Turing Institute,Edinburgh, UKRodrigo N. Calheiros School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics,Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, AustraliaAamir Cheema Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australiaxvii

xviiiJinjun Chen School of Software and Electrical Engineering, SwinburneUniversity of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, AustraliaPhilippe Cudré-Mauroux eXascale Infolab, University of Fribourg,Fribourg, SwitzerlandMarcos Dias de Assuncao Inria Avalon, LIP Laboratory, ENS Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, FranceMarlon Dumas Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu,EstoniaAbout the Section Editors

About the Section EditorsxixPaolo Ferragina Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa,ItalyGeorge Fletcher Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, NetherlandsOlaf Hartig Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenBingsheng He National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

xxAsterios Katsifodimos TU Delft, Delft, NetherlandsAlessandro Margara Politecnico di Milano, Milano, ItalyKamran Munir Computer Science and Creative Technologies, Universityof the West of England, Bristol, UKFatma Özcan IBM Research – Almaden, San Jose, CA, USAAbout the Section Editors

About the Section EditorsxxiBehrooz Parhami Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USAAntonio Pescapè Department of Electrical Engineering and InformationTechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, ItalyMeikel Poess Server Technologies, Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores,CA, USA

xxiiDeepak Puthal Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies,School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney,Ultimo, NSW, AustraliaTilmann Rabl Database Systems and Information Management Group,Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, GermanyMohammad Sadoghi University of California, Davis, CA, USAAbout the Section Editors

About the Section EditorsxxiiiTimos Sellis Swinburne University of Technology, Data Science ResearchInstitute, Hawthorn, VIC, AustraliaDomenico Talia University of Calabria, Rende, ItalyMaik Thiele Database Systems Group, Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden, Saxony, Germany

xxivYuanyuan Tian IBM Research – Almaden, San Jose, CA, USAPaolo Trunfio University of Calabria, DIMES, Rende, ItalyHannes Voigt Dresden Database Systems Group, Technische UniversitätDresden, Dresden, GermanyAbout the Section Editors

About the Section EditorsxxvMatthias Weidlich Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Computer Science, Berlin, Germany

List of ContributorsZiawasch Abedjan Teschnische Universität Berlin, Berlin, GermanyAlberto Abelló Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, SpainUmut A. Acar CMU, Pittsburgh, PA, USABiswaranjan Acharya Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT),Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, IndiaMaribel Acosta Institute AIFB, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,Karlsruhe, GermanyKhandakar Ahmed Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities,VU Research, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaMarco Aldinucci Computer Science Department, University of Turin,Turin, ItalyAlexander Alexandrov Database Systems and Information ManagementGroup (DIMA), Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, GermanyKhaled Ammar Thomson Reuters Labs, Thomson Reuters, Waterloo, ON,CanadaCarina Andrade Department of Information Systems, ALGORITMIResearch Centre, University of Minho, Guimarães, PortugalRenzo Angles Universidad de Talca, Talca, ChileRaja Appuswamy Data Science Department, EURECOM, Biot, FranceWalid G. Aref Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USAMarcelo Arenas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileRickard Armiento Linköping University, Swedish e-Science ResearchCentre, Linköping, SwedenJulien Audiffren Exascale Infolab, University of Fribourg, Fribourg,SwitzerlandBooma Sowkarthiga Balasubramani University of Illinois at Chicago,Chicago, IL, USAxxvii

xxviiiS. Balkir Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universityof Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USASoumya Banerjee Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BirlaInstitute of Technology, Mesra, IndiaCarlos Baquero HASLab/INESC TEC and Universidade do Minho, Braga,PortugalRonald Barber IBM Research – Almaden, San Jose, CA, USAPablo Barceló Universidad de Chile, Santiago, ChilePrzemysław Błaśkiewicz Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology,Wrocław University of Science and Technology; National Science Center,Wrocław, PolandGuillaume Baudart IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY, USASibghat Ullah Bazai Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences,Massey University, Auckland, New ZealandMartin Beck TU Dresden, Dresden, GermanyAlex Behm Databricks, San Francisco, CA, USALoris Belcastro DIMES, University of Calabria, Rende, ItalyAndrás A. Benczúr Institute for Computer Science and Control, HungarianAcademy of Sciences (MTA SZTAKI), Budapest, HungaryKonstantina Bereta Department of Informatics and Telecommunications,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GreeceAntonio Berlanga Applied Artificial Intelligence Group, UniversidadCarlos III de Madrid, Colmenarejo, SpainComputer Science and Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,Colmenarejo, SpainLaure Berti-Équille Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LIS, Marseille,FranceMilind A. Bhandarkar Ampool, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USAPramod Bhatotia The University of Edinburgh and Alan Turing Institute,Edinburgh, UKSourav S. Bhowmick Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,SingaporeNikos Bikakis ATHENA Research Center, Athens, GreeceSpyros Blanas Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USAEva Blomqvist Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenMatthias Boehm IBM Research – Almaden, San Jose, CA, USAList of Contributors

List of ContributorsxxixPaolo Boldi Dipartimento di Informatica, Università degli Studi di Milano,Milano, ItalyAngela Bonifati Lyon 1 University, Villeurbanne, FranceSamia Bouzefrane Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, Paris,FranceAndrey Brito UFCG, Campina Grande, BrazilAndrea Burattin DTU Compute, Software Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkRodrigo N. Calheiros School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics,Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, AustraliaMario Cannataro Data Analytics Research Center, University “MagnaGræcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, ItalyParis Carbone KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SwedenJosep Carmona Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, SpainAbel Armas Cervantes University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC,AustraliaEugenio Cesario Institute of High Performance Computing and Networksof the National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Rende, ItalyAbhishek Chandra University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USAChii Chang Mobile and Cloud Lab, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, EstoniaJinjun Chen School of Software and Electrical Engineering, SwinburneUniversity of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, AustraliaRuichuan Chen Nokia Bell Labs, Stuttgart, GermanyNokia Bell Labs, NJ, USAXuntao Cheng Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, SingaporeShekha Chenthara Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities,VU Research, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaByron Choi Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, ChinaXu Chu School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta, GA, USACarmela Comito CNR-ICAR, Rende, ItalyRaffaele Conforti University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaGao Cong School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SingaporeCarlos Costa CCG – Centro de Computação Gráfica and ALGORITMIResearch Centre, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal

xxxPierluigi Crescenzi Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Universitàdi Firenze, Florence, ItalyAlain Crolotte Teradata Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USANatacha Crooks The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USAIsabel F. Cruz University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USAPhilippe Cudre-Mauroux eXascale Infolab, University of Fribourg,Fribourg, SwitzerlandRenato Luiz de Freitas Cunha IBM Research, São Paulo, BrazilEmily May Curtin IBM, New York, USAAlessandro D’Alconzo Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, AustriaGuilherme da Cunha Rodrigues Federal Institute of Education Scienceand Technology Sul-Rio Grandense (IFSUL), Charqueadas, BrazilAlexandre da Silva Veith Inria Avalon, LIP Laboratory, ENS Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, FranceMassimiliano de Leoni Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven,The NetherlandsAnna Delin Royal Institute of Technology, Swedish e-Science ResearchCentre, Stockholm, SwedenAdela del-Río-Ortega University of Seville, Sevilla, SpainGianluca Demartini The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD,AustraliaElena Demidova L3S Research Center, Leibniz Universität Hannover,Hanover, GermanyBenoît Depaire Research Group Business Informatics, Hasselt University,Diepenbeek, BelgiumRogério Abreu de Paula IBM Research, Rua Tutóia 1157, São Paulo, BrazilAmol Deshpande Computer Science Department, University of Maryland,College Park, MD, USARenata Ghisloti Duarte de Souza Granha Bosch, Chicago, USAHelena F. Deus Elsevier Labs, Cambridge, MA, USARicardo J. Dias SUSE Linux GmbH and NOVA LINCS, Lisbon, PortugalMarcos Dias de Assuncao Inria Avalon, LIP Laboratory, ENS Lyon,University of Lyon, Lyon, FranceArturo Diaz-Perez Cinvestav Tamaulipas, Victoria, MexicoStefan Dietze L3S Research Center, Leibniz Universität Hannover,Hanover, GermanyList of Contributors

List of ContributorsxxxiChiara Di Francescomarino Fondazione Bruno Kessler – FBK, Trento,ItalyChris Douglas Microsoft, Washington, DC, USAJim Dowling KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SwedenIdilio Drago Politecnico di Torino, Turin, ItalyMaurizio Drocco Computer Science Department, University of Turin,Turin, ItalyJianfeng Du Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangdong, ChinaDirk Duellmann Information Technology Department, CERN, Geneva,SwitzerlandMarlon Dumas Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu,EstoniaTed Dunning MapR Technologies and Apache Software Foundation, SantaClara, CA, USAAhmed Eldawy Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USAMohamed Y. Elta

all realized the enormous potential of big data analytics, and continuous ad-vancements have been emerging in this domain. This Encyclopedia answers . Apache Spark Big Data Architectures Big Data Deep Learning Tools Big Data Visualization Tools Big Data and Fog Computing Big Data in the Cloud Databases as a Service