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M-nuqshe : OrnatedNNahra : RiverNakhopta : Chaste, shyNasha : Man, personNimra : TigerNqydha : ThinNura : FirePPaghra : BodyPapa : PopeParcha : Piece of fabricPera : FruitPh-hama : UnderstandingPlyma : Bent, crooked, distortedPrizla : SteelPyla : ElephantQQalama : PenQalula : Quick, quicklyQaryra : ColdQasra : PalaceQ-phyla : LockedQraya : ReadingRRaba : BigRaby : Teacher, professorRahme : MercyRapi : ShelfResha : HeadRizza : RiceRoma : Hill, heightRqadha : DancingSSanduqa : BoxSapra : TomorrowSaphori : TravelingSema : SilverSepa : SwordShamasha : Deacon, servant in the churchShammama : LoveliestShamzyya : WatermelonShapyra, Shapyrta : Pretty (m/f)Sh-ghysha : TroubledShimma : Name, nounShimsha : SunShlama : Peace, hello32Sh-mayya : Sky, heavenShqol : TakeShuqa : MarketSipya (m), Spytha (f): Clean, clear, pureSitwa : WinterSmoqa : RedSoma : LentSy : Go.CHALDEAN LANGUAGE(2nd edition)TTama : There, over there.Talmydhi : Students, disciples.Taly : For me.Tama : There, over there.Ta maha : What for? Why?Tawa : Good.Tawirta : Cow.Tera, teri : Bird, birds.Tora, Tori : Bull, bulls.Tumra, Tumri : Date, dates.Tumrana : The color of dates (brown).Tura : Mountain.Tyma : Value.Tyna : Mud.By Mar Sarhad Y. JammoU’Umra : Age.WW (Waw) : And.’Wadha : Act.Waraqa : Paper.Warda, Wardi : Flower, flowers.YYama : Sea.Yarykha : Long.Yimma : Mother.’Ylana : Tree.Yoma : Day.Yona : Dove.Yulpana : Teaching.ZZamara : Singer, singing.Zanzyra : Starling (black bird).Zawna : Time.Zimmorta : Song.Zmara : Singing.Zorna : FluteA Chaldean Media Center Publication(All rights reserved)San Diego, California2008

AppendixA’Alma : World’Amuqa, ’Amuqta : DeepAmyra : PrinceBB (Beth) : InBaba : FatherBakhta : Woman, wifeBalaya : CalamityBarayi : OutsideBassyma (m), Bassymta (f) : Delicious orThank YouBatta : DuckBehra : LightBera : Well (of water)Betha : HouseBrata : Daughter, girlBrona : Son, child, boyBrykha : BlessedBuma : OwlBushala : Cooked foodByza : SpilledCChu mindy, chu nasha : Nothing, no man(nobody)DD (Dalath) : OfDada : Dear kidDibba : BearDunyi : WorldDyka : RoosterGGabbara : MightyGanawa : ThiefGarma : BoneGarma D-Pyla : Bone of the Elephant(ivory)Garoma : Rolling pinGawayi : InsideGawra : Man, husbandG-dhadha : ThreadGebid : NearbyGh-lyqa : ClosedGubta : CheeseGuda : WallGumla, Gumli : Camel, camelsGyana : SoulHHabbaba : DearestHaluya : SweetHammam, Hammami : Bathroom,bathroomsHayyu : ComeHona : MindHonana : Mindful, intelligentHubba : LoveI’Ilya : HighJJulli : ClothesJwyni : GroupKKaka : ToothKalba : DogKaldaya : ChaldeanKarma : Vineyard, orchardKepa : RockKha : OneKimma : MouthKinnara : HarpKirya : ShortKlyla : CrownKoma : BlackKomta : Black (f)Kosa : HairK-thawa Qad-dysha : Holy Book, Bible.LLeli : NightLibba : HeartLushana : Tongue, languageLyri : CoinsMMalka : KingMalpana : TeacherMama : MomMaraqa : GravyMartyma : ValuableMaya : WaterM-dhyta : City31

3- Compose from the following words four meaningfulcombinations. . 4- Write down ten Chaldean nouns: five of animals and five ofthings.5- Compose in Chaldean three meaningful combinations ofwords or short sentences. # ! " 30Chaldean LanguageElementary CourseThe Chaldean AlphabetIn the Aramaic Chaldean alphabet, there are 22 originalconsonants and 7 vowel marks. According to the classicChaldean grammar, six of the consonants admit modification oralteration to produce six new consonants. In order to meet theneeds of modern Chaldean, other modifications have beenintroduced for the sake of additional sounds. Here is, first, thelist of the basic 22 consonants:1- A Alap2- B Beth3- G Gamal4- D Dalath5- H He6- W Waw7- Z Zayn8- H Heth9- T Teth10- Y Yodh11- K Kap12- L Lamadh13- M Mym14- N Nun15- S Simkath16- ‘ ‘E17- P Pe18- S Sade19- Q Qop20- R Resh21- Sh Shyn22- T Taw' % % ( *" ) , ,-%- ./ 1 0 24 / 3'7 5 6 79" 8; : . " ? @ @ A B . # B-% 123456789101112131415161718192021223

THE DESIGN OF THE CHALDEAN ALPHABETEXERCISES:1- Select from the following vocabulary the correct matchingword and place it on the right line to form a meaningfulcombination.: . D# / ? " E - . . -, F . .- 2- Fill in the blank with a suitable Chaldean word of your own.G H : * J7. K " I G. D# % /9 " / # . # . 8.4K I / , 29

This is the list of the 7 vowel marks:ZqapaZlamaP-thahaZlama kiryaWaw rwyhtaWaw ‘y-qtaYodh shlytha D " 1 7 " / % L/- -%- M ? -%- # 4 / 1) Long a: aa, ba, ga, da2) Long e: ae, be, ge, de3) Short a: a, ba, ga, da-4)5)6)7) - - 3 ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % -% -% H H 3% LESSON ONE-1-2-3-4In this first lesson, six consonants are introduced to youtogether with two vowel marks. The consonants are: Alap, Beth,Dalath, Lamadh, Mym, & Resh. The vowels are: the long ‘a’ &the short ‘e’ (i). The combination of the consonants with thevowel marks will form a few simple words.% % % % % % % -1( ( ( ( ( ( ( -2. I I I . -3. . .8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 -4. I I I . : -5. " " " . -6 . . " I * I . I . I . " .% .( -5-6-7Short e (i): i, bi, gi, diOpened o: ao, bo, go, doClosed o (u): u, bu, gu, duLong y (ee): y, by, gy, dyHomework Exercise:On the lines provided below, write each of the six modifiableletters and the additional modifications. .1 .2 .3 .4VOCABULARY: .5 .628 .7.8.9.10Baba - FatherD (Dalath) - OfDada - Dear kidDibba - BearLibba - HeartMama - MomRaba - Big% ( 5

Homework Exercise:LESSON TENBelow, write twice each Chaldean vocabulary word or phrase oflesson one along with its meaning.To facilitate memorizing the 22 consonants, they could bejoined together in the following groupings: WD V ." 7 # HU 1 - , KJ % - .1 .2 .3Here is a list of the six modifiable letters: .4B » W Waw .5G » Gh Ghamal .6D » Dh Dhalath .7K » Kh Khap- Abgad, Haw-waz, Hat-ty, Kol-man, Sa‘pas, Qar-shatP » Ph PheT » Th Thaw-%- ( ( *" ) ) 4 4 4'7 7 7 X AX AX- ( () )4 7 7AX A The Additional modifications are:B » V VeG » J JeT » Th TheK » Tch Tche6 Y 7 ( ) 2Y 7( ( () ) )2Y 2Y 2 7 7 727

Homework Exercise:LESSON TWOCombine the following two columns in a meaningful manner.In this lesson, three additional consonants are presented to youtogether with three more vowel marks. The three consonantsare: Kap, Nun, & Shyn. The vowels are: the short ‘a’, theopened ‘o’ and the closed ‘o’. The combination of these newletters and vowels, in addition to those taken in the first lesson,will enable us to form new Chaldean words.BA*I I I 1 G% I G / K . I G91 : "# ? I G .1.2. 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 " 7 7 7 7 . I . . 7 - - 7 " B B B B B B B B B B B B . # # # # # # # " #. # " # " # " I " 7 " 7 - 7 " # " # - 7. " # -7-8-9*.3.4.5267

Vocabulary:B (Beth) - InBrona - Son, child, boyBuma - OwlKaka - ToothKalba - DogKarma - Vineyard,orchardKimma - MouthKinnara - HarpKoma - BlackLESSON NINELushana - Tongue, languageMalka - KingNimra - TigerNura - FireRoma - Hill, heightShamasha Deacon, servant in thechurchShimma - Name, nounShimsha - SunShlama - Peace, helloLetters with different shapes: Three letters in the Chaldeanalphabet require a different shape if positioned at the endof the word: Kap, Mym, & Nun( 7 ).The following is the shape of each one at the end of a word:DisconnectedConnected6: 5 : . (Final Kap) »(Final Mym) »(Final Nun) » 6 Examples: . I : "# ;/ 6 " # 6 - 5 / * Taw & Alap: The combination of these two charactersresults in the following character at the end of a word:Homework Exercise:Fill in the blank by choosing the appropriate word from thevocabulary list on the left.Vocabulary List 7 7 " # " # 8 - .1 " .3 " # " .2 .4 .5Silent Letters: In the case that a letter is written but notpronounced, a single slash (mbatlana) is written above it toindicate that that letter is silent.Examples: G /9 G% GK1 I G I *I ] Syame: This simple sign is placed over the shortest letter orResh to indicate a plural.Examples: I " # Vocabulary:Gabbara - MightyKha - OneM-dhyta - CityNasha - Man, person25

Additional Consonants: Four more consonants could be produced by the addition of this special mark (), to bepositioned under the letter or above it. The letters which acceptthis kind of modification are:Beth Gamal Ve Je Teth The Kap Che ( ) 2Y 7(()())(2)( 7)Examples: / D# b 9 " G . % 7 3K 7 % 6 Vocabulary:Chu mindy, chu nasha - Nothing, no man (nobody)Julli - ClothesJwyni - GroupM-nuqshe - OrnatedParcha - PieceTalmydhi - Students, disciplesLESSON THREEIn this lesson, we will proceed with three more consonantsfrom the Chaldean alphabet, and simultaneously exercise withincreased vocabulary. The three new consonants are: Gamal,Taw & Waw. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -10 . . - - - - -11.- - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -12 - .- - - . 7 - - - - - - - - * - - - % 7 - . - Homework Exercise:Below, write each of the four consonants with one or twoexamples of each.24 .1 .2 .3 .49

Vocabulary:Brata - Daughter, girlBrona - Son, boyGarma - BoneGaroma - Rolling pinGubta - CheeseGuda - WallHomework Exercise:Gumla, Gumli - Camel, camelsKomta - Black (f)Tama - There, over thereTawirta - CowTora, Tori - Bull, bullsTumra, Tumri - Date, datesWarda, Wardi - Flower, flowersBelow, write each Chaldean vocabulary word twice, along withits meaning, as well as the modifiable letters from numbers onethrough six on the exposition page of this lesson. Homework Exercise: Combine the following two columns in a meaningful manner onthe lines below. BA - - - - - .2.1.4.3.51023

Vocabulary:LESSON FOURBakhta - Woman, wifeBetha - HouseBrykha - BlessedGanawa - ThiefGawra - Man, husbandG-dhadha - ThreadGh-lyqa - ClosedGyana - SoulKirya - ShortK-thawa Qad-dysha - Holy Book, BibleNakhopta - Chaste, shyNqydha - ThinPaghra - BodyPh-hama - UnderstandingQ-phyla - LockedQraya - ReadingRqadha - DancingSanduqa - BoxSaphori - TravelingSh-ghysha - TroubledSh-mayya - Sky, heavenSpytha - Clear, clean, pureTawa - Good’Wadha - ActYarykha - LongZawna - TimeZmara - SingingIn this lesson, two more consonants and one vowel arepresented to you together with additional vocabulary. The twoconsonants are: Yodh & Teth: the vowel is the Silent Yodh.22 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 -13. / / / / / / / " / " / / / 7 / - . / K .3 3 3 .H 7 % /% / 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -14 .H H H . " " H U / / " # * U /% / / I - " / " U . - / / K 7 % " / 11

Vocabulary:Amyra - PrinceBalaya - Calamity, catastropheBarayi - OutsideBatta - DuckDunyi - WorldDyka - RoosterGawayi - InsideKaldaya - ChaldeanKlyla - CrownLyri - CoinsMar Tyma - ValuableMaya - Water12Raby - Teacher, professorTaly - For meTura - MountainTyma - ValueTyna - MudW (Waw) - AndYama - SeaYimma - Mother’Ylana - TreeYoma - DayYona - DoveLESSON EIGHTThe Modifiable Letters: Six letters in the Chaldean alphabetaccept modification, by the addition of a dot or a semi circleunder the letter, in order to produce six new consonants.We will introduce them one by one.( ( -1 7 I I . I / : (The Gamal becomes Ghamal) ) ) -2 . M -K @ J# -, J - : (The Dalath becomes Dhalath) 4 -3 - % 9 . " 1 9 I ? 9 M 4 9 : (The Kap becomes Khap) 7 7 -4. / - / / : (The Pe becomes Phe) X -5 V d . XD -K@ e / " X : (The Taw becomes Thaw) -6 . /K 7 @ "# : (The Beth becomes Waw)21

Vocabulary:Homework Exercise:’Alma - World’Amuqa, ’Amuqta - DeepHabbaba - DearestHaluya - SweetHammam, Hammami - Bathroom,bathroomsHubba - Love’Ilya - HighMaraqa - GravyRahme - MercyRizza - RiceShammama - LoveliestShamzyya - WatermelonShapyra, Shapyrta - Pretty (m/f)’Umra - AgeBelow, write each vocabulary word in Chaldean twice alongwith its meaning.Homework Exercise:Match the following two columns by drawing lines to connectthe appropriate word with its meaning.BLOVEHIGHLOVELIESTWORLDWATERMELON20A ? " " " # # /f" ? 1 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .10 .11 .12 .13 .14 .15 .16 .17 .18 .19 .20 .21 .22 .2313

LESSON SEVENWith the introduction of the last two basic consonants(Heth & ’E) in this lesson, we will terminate the exposition ofthe 22 characters or letters of the Chaldean alphabet. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -21 .H1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 H1 H1 1 . " " 1 / 1 I I 1 " 1 1 -22 .H? ? ? ? ? ? H? H? ? ? . " ? ? ? " / 1 - ? " 1 - 1 D# W /f" #- I I 1 "? D# W W F7 F7 " ? " ? ""# . D D 14*19