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contents  xi 1719Providing Nutrients for BodyFunctions 262Lactation 293Nutrient Requirements For Body Maintenance 262Body Size and Maintenance 262Nutrient Requirements For Finishing 265Mammary Gland Development and Function 294Development 294Milk Secretion 295Maintenance of Lactation 296Nutrient Requirements For Reproduction 265Factors Affecting Milk Production 296Nutrient Requirements For Lactation 266Milk Composition 299Species Differences 299Nutrient Requirements For Growth 263Nutrient Requirements For Egg Laying 267Nutrient Requirements For Wool Production 267Nutrient Requirements For Work 267Ration Formulation 268Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants 268Diet Modification to Minimize Nitrogen and Phosphorus Excretion 273Chapter Summary 273Key Words 274Review Questions 274Selected References 27418Growth and Development 275Prenatal (Livestock) 275Birth (Livestock) 276Poultry 277Embryonic Development 277Basic Anatomy and Physiology 278Skeletal System 278Muscle System 279Circulatory System 280Endocrine System 283Growth Curves 283Carcass Composition 284Effects of Frame Size 286Effect of Gender 286Effect of Muscling 288Age and Teeth Relationship 289Measurements of Growth 290Chapter Summary 291Key Words 291Review Questions 292Selected References 292A01 TAYL7209 11 SE FM.indd 11Mammary Gland Structure 293Colostrum 300Chapter Summary 300Key Words 300Review Questions 301Selected References 30120Adaptation to the Environment 302Relationship Between Animals and theEnvironment 303Adjusting to Environmental Changes 303Temperature Zones of Comfort and Stress 304Relationship of Intake and Maintenance duringStress 307Managing the Thermal Environment 310Mitigating Heat Stress 311Adjusting Rations for Weather Changes 311Inability of Animals to Cope with Climatic Stress 312Chapter Summary 314Key Words 314Review Questions 314Selected References 31421Animal Health 316Immune Function 316Prevention 317The Role of the Veterinarian 317Sanitation 317Sound Nutritional Management 318Record Keeping 318Facilities 318Source of Livestock 318Biosecurity 31903/11/14 8:05 PM

xii  contentsDetecting Unhealthy Animals 323Visual Observation 323Vital Signs 323Land Use 353Conversion of Agricultural Land 353Federal Lands 354Waste Management 356Air Quality 357Water Utilization and Quality 358Major Diseases of Farm Animals 324Animal Well-Being 359Quality Assurance 329Public Health 363Diet and Health 363Dietary Guidelines 367Food Safety 369Microorganisms 371Residues 371Quality Assurance 373Use of Biologicals and Pharmaceuticals 319Stress 322Personnel Training 323Chapter Summary 331Key Words 331Review Questions 332Selected References 33222Animal Behavior 333Stockmanship 333Animal Behavior 333Systems of Animal Behavior 334Sexual Behavior 335Caregiving Behavior 337Care-Soliciting Behavior 337Production Technologies 374Organic and Natural Products 376Issues and Opportunities 377Chapter Summary 377Key Words 377Review Questions 378Selected References 37824Agonistic Behavior 338Interaction with Other Animals 338Interactions with Humans 339Behavior during Handling and Restraint 340Beef Cattle Breeds and Breeding 380Ingestive Behavior 342Improving Beef Cattle Through BreedingMethods 386Eliminative Behavior 343Shelter-Seeking Behavior 343Investigative Behavior 343Allelomimetic Behavior 344Additional Behaviors 344Communication 344Maladaptive or Abnormal Behavior 345Chapter Summary 346Key Words 346Review Questions 346Selected References 34623Issues in Animal Agriculture 347Feeding 9 Billion People by 2050 349Sustainability 349Valid Comparisons and Assessing Risk 350Environmental Management Issues 352A01 TAYL7209 11 SE FM.indd 12Genetic Variation 381Major U.S. Beef Breeds 382Traits and Their Measurement 386Reproductive Performance 386Weaning Weight 386Postweaning Growth 387Feed Efficiency 387Carcass Merit 388Longevity 388Conformation 388Genetic Defects 389Bull Selection 389Breeding Values 389Sire Summaries 390Selecting Replacement Heifers 392Cow Selection 394Crossbreeding Programs for CommercialProducers 396Chapter Summary 399Key Words 400Review Questions 400Selected References 40003/11/14 8:05 PM

contents  xiii 25Nutrition of Replacement Heifers 440Management of Bulls 440Feeding and Managing Beef Cattle 401Calving Operations 441Cow–Calf Management 401Costs and Returns 403Milking and Housing Facilities For Dairy Cows 441Management for Optimum Calf Crop Percentages 405Milking Operations 443Management for Optimum Weaning Weights 408Controlling Diseases 445Management Of annual Cow Costs 409Costs And Returns 449Stocker-Yearling Production 413Chapter Summary 451Key Words 451Review Questions 451Selected References 451Types of Cattle Feeding Operations 415Feedlot Cattle Management 416Facilities Investment 416Cost of Feeder Cattle 417Feed Costs 417Nonfeed Costs 418Marketing 418Costs and Returns 420Environmental Management 420Chapter Summary 422Key Words 422Review Questions 423Selected References 42326Waste Management 44228Swine Breeds and Breeding 452Characteristics of Swine Breeds 452Traits and Their Measurements 452Sow Productivity 453Growth 454Feed Efficiency 456Carcass Traits 457Structural Soundness 457Effective Use of Performance Records 458Selecting Replacement Females 461Dairy Cattle Breeds and Breeding 424Boar Selection 462Characteristics of Breeds 424Registration Numbers 424Crossbreeding For Commercial Swine Producers 462Dairy Type 425Improving Milk Production 428Selection of Dairy Cows 428Breeding Dairy Cattle 430Sire Selection 432Chapter Summary 433Key Words 433Review Questions 434Selected References 43427Feeding and Managing Dairy Cattle 435Nutrition of Lactating Cows 435Adjusting for Heat Stress 439Nutrition of Dry Cows 439A01 TAYL7209 11 SE FM.indd 13Chapter Summary 465Key Words 465Review Questions 466Selected References 46629Feeding and Managing Swine 467Production Management 468Boar Management 468Management of Breeding Females 469Pregnancy Detection 470Management of the Sow during Farrowing andLactation 471Induced Farrowing 472Baby Pig Management from Birth to Weaning 473Feeding and Management from Weaning toMarket 478Management of Purchased Feeder Pigs 48203/11/14 8:05 PM

xiv  contentsMarketing Decisions 482Costs and Returns 483Environmental Management 484Management for Swine Well-Being 486Chapter Summary 487Key Words 487Review Questions 488Selected References 48830Sheep and Goat Breeds and Breeding 489Major U.S. Sheep Breeds 489Characteristics 490Composite Breeds 490Major Goat Breeds 493Breeding Sheep and Goats 494Sheep Reproduction 497Goat Reproduction 499Other Factors Affecting Reproduction of Sheep 499The Breeding Season 500Genetic Improvement in Commercial SheepProduction 501Terminal Crossing 502Three-Breed Terminal Crossbreeding 502Chapter Summary 503Key Words 503Review Questions 504Selected References 50431Feeding and Managing Sheep andGoats 505Production Requirements for Farm Flocks 505Pastures 505Corrals and Chutes 505Shelters 506Lambing Equipment 507Feeding Equipment 507Types of Farm Flock Producers 507Purebred Breeder 507Commercial Market Lamb Producers 508Commercial Feeder Lamb Producers 509Commercial Feedlot Operator 509Feeding Ewes, Rams, and Lambs 510Management of Farm Flocks 513Handling Sheep 513A01 TAYL7209 11 SE FM.indd 14Lambing Operations 514Castrating and Docking 514Shearing 514Facilities for Production of Range Sheep 515Managing Range Sheep 516The Winter Headquarters 516The Spring–Fall Range 517Summer Grazing 517Managing Goats 518Fencing 518Dehorning 519Hoof Trimming 519Identification 519Castration 519Shearing 519Milking 519Time of Breeding 520Time of Kidding 520Feeding 523Controlling Diseases and Parasites 525Determining The Age of Sheep by Their Teeth 527Costs and Returns 527Chapter Summary 529Key Words 529Review Questions 529Selected References 53032Horse Breeds and Breeding 531Horses and Humans 531Breeds of Horses 531Popularity of Breeds 534Breeding Program 534Selection 534Conformation of the Horse 535Purchasing the Horse 535Body Parts 536Unsoundness and Blemishes of Horses 538Gaits of Horses 540Ease of Riding and Way of Going 541Abnormalities in Way of Going 541Determining The Age of a Horse by its Teeth 542Chapter Summary 544Key Words 544Review Questions 544Selected References 54503/11/14 8:05 PM

contents  xv 33Feeding and Managing Horses 546Feeds and Feeding 546Managing Horses 552Reproduction 552Breeding Season 553Foaling Time 554Weaning the Foal 555Castration 555Identification 555Care of Hardworking Animals 556Housing and Equipment 556Controlling Diseases and Parasites 557Chapter Summary 561Key Words 561Review Questions 561Selected References 562Feeding and Management 571Incubation Management 571Managing Young Poultry 575Housing for Broilers 575Managing 10- to 20-Week-Old Poultry 577Management of Laying Hens 578Housing Poultry 581Feeds and Feeding 583Issues Management 585Environmental Impact 585Animal Welfare 586Costs and Returns 588Chapter Summary 593Key Words 593Review Questions 593Selected References 593Glossary 595Index 00034Poultry Breeding, Feeding, andManagement 563Breeds and Breeding 563Characteristics of Breeds 563Breeding Poultry 565A01 TAYL7209 11 SE FM.indd 1503/11/14 8:05 PM

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PrefaceScientific Farm Animal Production is distinguished by an appropriate coverage ofboth breadth and depth of livestock and poultry production and their respectiveindustries. The book gives an overview of the biological principles applicable to theanimal sciences with chapters on reproduction, genetics, nutrition, lactation, consumer products, and other subjects. The book also covers the breeding, feeding, andmanagement of beef cattle, dairy cattle, horses, sheep and goats, swine, and poultry.Although books have been written on each of these separate topics, the author hashighlighted the significant biological principles, scientific relationships, and management practices in a condensed but informative manner.Target AudienceThis book is designed as a text for the introductory animal science course typicallytaught at universities and community colleges. It is also a valuable reference book forlivestock producers, vocational agriculture instructors, and others desiring an overview of livestock production principles and management. The book is appropriate forthe urban student with limited livestock experience, yet challenging for the studentwho has a livestock production background.Key FeaturesChapters 1 through 9 cover animal enterprises and products; Chapters 10 through22 discuss the biological principles that are utilized to improve livestock and poultryproduction and the issues facing animal agriculture; while livestock and poultry management systems are presented in Chapters 23 through 34.The glossary of terms used throughout the book has been expanded so that students can readily become familiar with animal science terminology. Many of the KeyTerms in the text are included in the glossary. Additionally, key words are providedat the end of each chapter as an aid to student learning.Photographs and figures are used throughout the book to communicate keypoints and major relationships. The visual aspects of the text should help studentsexpand their global and macro view of the livestock industry as well as better understanding how theory is put into practice.At the end of each chapter, a set of questions are provided that are designedto facilitate an in- depth understanding of the material. Students are encouraged toutilize the questions to assist them in making connections between concepts and tobetter integrate relationships to allow for not only listing the facts but creating aframework for the application of knowledge.New to This Edition This text continues to blend the various disciplines of science with contemporarymanagement practices and industry trends to build a cohesive discussion of animal agriculture. The following improvements have been made to this edition: Theinput of nearly 20 reviewers was utilized to assure accuracy, clarity, and effectivedelivery of material. Demographic, industry data, and consumer trends have been updated.xviiA01 TAYL7209 11 SE FM.indd 1703/11/14 8:05 PM

xviii  preface Photos and illustrations have been upgraded to enhance the reader experience. Management chapters have been revised to reflect the most current protocols andtechnologies used by the industry. More attention has been given to the issues and challenges confronting the livestock and poultry industry. Significant revision has been accomplished to provide a comprehensive but moreclear communication of science based principles and relationships. Financial and enterprise-based cost and return data has been integrated to facilitatebetter understanding of the economic consequences of management decisions. The text effectively balances science and practice as it applies to the livestock andpoultry industry.AcknowledgmentsAppreciation is expressed to the reviewers of the eleventh edition, who offered suggestions to strengthen the book. They are Bonnie Ballard, Gwinnett Technical College; Angela Beal, Bradford School, Vet Tech Institute; Dennis Brink, U niversityof Nebraska-Lincoln; Anne Duffy, Kirkwood Community College; Brian Hoefs,Globe University; Chip Lemieux, McNeese State University; Farabee McCarthy, The University of Findlay; Kasey Moyes, University of Maryland; Mary O'Horo-Loomis,State University of New York at Canton; Margi Sirois, Wright Career College; Bonnie Snyder, Central New Mexico Community C ollege; Melissa Stacy, RockfordCareer College; Brett VanLear, Blue Ridge Community College; Peg Villanueva, VetTech Institute @ International Business College—Indianapolis; E lizabeth Walker,Missouri State University; Julie Weathers, Southeast Missouri State University; Jennifer Wells, University of Cincinnati; Cynthia Wood, Virginia Tech; and BrendaWoodard, Northwestern State University of LouisianaxviiiA01 TAYL7209 11 SE FM.indd 1803/11/14 8:05 PM

About the AuthorDr. Thomas G. Field serves as the director of the Engler Agribusiness Entrepreneurship Program and holder of the Engler Chair in Agribusiness Entrepreneurshipat the University of Nebraska—Lincoln.He is also a noted agricultural author and a frequent speaker at agriculturalevents in the United States and abroad. He has consulted with a number of agricultural enterprises and organizations, and has served on numerous boards related toeducation, agriculture, and athletics. He is the co-owner of Field Land and CattleCompany, LLC in Colorado.Dr. Field was raised on a Colorado cow–calf and seedstock enterprise. He managed a seedstock herd of cattle after completing his B.S. degree. A competitive horseman as a youth, he has had practical experience with seedstock cattle, commercialcow–calf production, stockers, and horses. He has a B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in animalscience from Colorado State University.Dr. Field has received teaching awards from the USDA National Excellence inTeaching program, the National Association of Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture,the American Society of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, and the University of Nebraska.He is married to Laura and father to Justin, Sean, Trae, Kate, and Coleman.xixA01 TAYL7209 11 SE FM.indd 1903/11/14 8:05 PM

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Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Field, Thomas G. (Thomas Gordon) Scientific farm animal production : an introduct