Transcription
The Muslim Worldin the Middle Ages622-1629
10-1 Rise of IslamThe Prophet Muhammad Geographic Setting– Arabian Peninsula Mecca– Why was it important? Who was Muhammad?– Born in Mecca in 570 A.D. (100 years afterthe fall of Rome)– Successful business merchant, husband, andfather.
– What happened when he was meditating? Was encouraged by his wife, Khadija, to share hisvision. What was his message?– Allah The Hijra: A Turning Point– He was forced to leave Mecca. Why? Moved to Medina (Yathrib)– Welcomed by the people ofMedina!– Became center city of Islam– Muslim
Islamic Calendar AKA- Muslim calendar or Hijri calendar lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355days used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper days on whichto observe Holidays The first year was the Islamic year beginning in 622 BCE during theemigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijra,occurred. Each numbered year is designated either H for Hijra or AH for theLatin anno Hegirae (in the year of the Hijra) What year is it in the Hijri Calendar?
Hebrew Calendar Aka- Jewish calendar lunisolar calendar used today for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate publicreading of Torah portions and daily Psalm reading In Israel, it is an official calendar for civil purposes and provides a timeframe for agriculture. What year is it in the Hebrew Calendar?Originally the Babylonian calendar was used by Jews for all daily purposes,but following the conquest of Jerusalem by Pompey in 63 BCE , Jewsbegan following the imperial civil calendar, which was decreed in 45 BCE,for civic matters such as the payment of taxes and dealings withgovernment officials.
What influence does Romehave on the Hijri and HebrewCalendar?
Teachings of Islam– Monotheistic, like &– Quran (Koran) Judgment Day No mediators between people and God
Five Pillars1. One God, recognize all prophets: Abraham,Moses, Jesus etc.2. Daily Prayer3. Charity (Alms)4. Observe Ramadan5. Pilgrimage toMecca
A Way of Life Sharia- Muslim Religious Laws– Regulates moral conduct; it connects religiousmattes to criminal and civil law. Impact of Islam on Women– Male dominated– However, had many new rights: consent tomarry, inheritance, right to an education– Absorbed customs from Persian andByzantine Veils of upper class women
Types of Muslim Veil
What’s your Opinion?
10-2 Islam SpreadsAn Age of Conquests From Victory to Victory (8th century)– Under first four caliphs, Arab armiesconquered: Syria, Palestine, Damascus,Persia, Egypt, Spain, and Jerusalem.
Reasons for SuccessWhy were the Arabs successful conquerors1. Treatment of Conquered People– Tolerance to “People of the Book”– Treated conquered people well2. Unified as Muslims3. Advanced Technology and Armies4. Weakness of surrounding Empires–Ex- &
Muslims in Europe– Where did Islam flourish?
Movements Within Islam Sunni and Shiites– Fundamentally similar Sunni believed Shiite believed– Grew to admire martyrdom ofmurdered caliphs Sufi– Muslim mystics whosought communion with God through:
Empire of the Caliphs Umayyads– Dynasty ruled until 750– Atlantic to Indus Valley– Shiites hated them. Why?– Tension with non-Arabs. Why?
Abbassids 750-1258––––Conquered Damascus and killed Umayyad family.Ended Arab dominanceMade Islam universalGolden age Splendors of Baghdad– New Capital– Exceeded size andwealth of Constantinople
Decline of the Caliphate Seljuks– Migrated from central Asia in 900s to Middle East.– Crusades 1095 Crusaders– Pope Urban III, Pope Eugene IIVS Salah al-DinWhat was the result? Mongols– 1258 conquered Baghdad– Converted to Islam!!!!!!!!– Timur the Lame Overran Muslim and non-Muslim land
10-3 Golden Age of MuslimCivilizationSociety and the Economy Islam blended with and made converts of all cultures except: Social Classes– More open and tolerant than Define Social mobility-– Slavery Characteristics of slavery in the MuslimEmpire:
An International Trade Network– “The honest, truthful Muslim merchant will stand with the martyrson the Day of Judgment. I commend the merchants to you, forthey are the couriers of the horizon and God’s trusted servantson Earth.”-Sayings of the ProphetCOMPARE the status of Merchants in Europe, Asiaand the Middle East.– Vast trade network Spread Islam, technology, and products Why were they so successful? New business practices like ,, & .
Manufacturing– Set up guilds, like the .– Steel, leather, cotton, carpets, glassware,furniture, and tapestries were produced. Agriculture– Nomads and farmers shared economic ties
Art and Literature Design and Decoration– No images of God or prophets– Arabesque & Calligraphy Architecture– What styles did theyadapt from the ByzantineEmpire?
Poetry– Rich tradition of oral poetry– Influenced medieval European literature andmusic Stories and Tales– Prized the art of storytelling “Aladdin and His Magic Lamp” “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”– The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam By Omar Khayyam
The World of Learning “Seek knowledge even as far as China.”-The Prophet Muhammad Centers of Learning– Boys and girls were educated– Emphasis on– Where was Muslim center of learning? Philosophy– Translated works of Greek, Hindu, and Buddhist work– Stressed: economics, history, and sociology
Mathematics– Al-Khwarizmi made advancements in Algebra Astronomy– Studied: eclipses, earth’s rotation, and itscircumference Medicine– Pharmacy– Emergency rooms– Positive encouragement Canon on Medicineby IBN SINA had over4000 prescriptions
Knowledge Moves West– Spread through Europe by– European physicians attended Muslimuniversities in . Why here?
10-4 Muslims in IndiaThe Delhi Sultanate Origins of the Sultanate––––In 1000, Muslim Turks and Afghans pushed into IndiaDelhiSultanate est. 1206-1526Why did the Muslims triumph?
Effects of Muslim Rule– Trade increases– Conflicts with Hindus– Decline in Buddhism Decline– Invasion of India by Tamerlane in 1398– End of sultan domination– Hindu and Muslim rivalry
Muslims and Hindus Hindu-Muslim Differences––––Age of religionsNo Idols/ Statues (idols)Monotheists / PolytheistsNo Social Classes / Caste Interactions– Taxes higher for non- Muslims– Second-class if not Muslim– Hindus converted; why?
Cultural Blending– What Indian culture did Muslims adopt? Nanak– Sikh
Mughal India Babur Founds a Dynasty– 1526 Babur, conquered Delhi sultanate and est. Mughal dynasty. Akbar the Great– Tolerant Muslim Caste Tax Strength in diversity Improvements––––MilitaryInternational tradeLand reformPaid officials
Akbar’s Successors– Taj Mahal
10-5 Ottoman and Safavid:Expansion and Frontiers Osman established the Ottoman Empire innorthwest Anatolia in 1300 CE. Hissuccessors fought against andcaptured .
Central Institutions New military flexibility 14th century– Janissaries “new troops” What code did this break?– Devshirme Learned from Turkish families could achieve high rank and political status
Economic Change and GrowingWeakness, 1650-1750 Changes in Ottoman institution– Secluded sultan– Devshirme discontinued– Janissaries, less militaryWhat changes in clothingcan be seen from thesoldiers in the earliertimes to this picture?
What event sped up the fallof the Ottoman Empire?
Aka-Jewish calendar lunisolar calendar used today for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions and daily Psalm reading In Israel, it is an official calendar for
