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2014 Runway Safety HandbookRepresentative ofAerodrome OperatorRepresentative ANSP orAir Traffic Service ProviderLocal Runway Safety Team(LRST)Other Stakeholder(Pilot and ATCassociations, etc.)Representative ofAircraft Operator (Airlines)Figure 1. Example of Composition of LRST1.1.4Terms of Reference and ActionsThe LRST will assist in enhancing runway safety byconducting the following tasks: R eview compliance of the aerodrome with ICAOSARPs in Annex 14; M onitor runway incidents by type, severity andfrequency of occurrence; Identify risk factors and local issues; I dentify particular locations where risks exist (“hotspots”); Identify problems in daily operations; S olicit assistance, e.g. advice and peer reviews,by safety experts from within the industry; C ontribute to active development of solutions tothese issues; E nsure that the best possible solution isimplemented; D isseminate information on developed solutionsto stakeholders; and I nitiate a comprehensive safety-awareness campaign to ensure that all stakeholders’ staffs areaware of safety issues.By identifying hot spots, it is easier for users of anairport to plan the safest possible paths of movementin and around that airport. Planning is a crucialsafety activity for airport users, pilots and air trafficcontrollers alike. By making sure that aircraft surfacemovements are planned and properly coordinatedwith air traffic control, pilots add another layer ofsafety to their flight preparations. Proper planninghelps avoid confusion by eliminating last-minutequestions and building familiarity with knownproblem. areas.1.1.6I dentification of Potential RunwayIssuesA Local Runway Safety Team will be able todraw on the combined operational experiencegained throughout the careers of its members, onindustry best practices through publications andestablished safety-information forums, as well asairport information. Local Runway Safety Teamsshould participate in industry meetings, in orderto assimilate the latest information and practices.Potential runway issues may entail: Design and maintenance of the runway; Markings, signs and lightings; Learning the lessons from other incidents1.1.5Hot SpotsA hot spot is defined as a location on an airportmovement area with a history of potential risk ofcollision or runway incursion, and where heightenedattention by pilots and drivers is necessary.2 S tandard operating procedures for airport staff –missing, inappropriate or incomplete procedures; Birds and wildlife; Foreign object debris (FOD); Incursions & excursions (by aircraft); and Incursions (other than by aircraft).

2014 Runway Safety Handbook1.1.7 ACI Recommended Training (AirportPerspective)Each individual member of the LRST should bequalified and should have received the best safetytraining possible in his/her sphere of expertise.APEX In Safety also recommends that LRSTmembers obtain safety training in other sphereswhich may overlap with their own, within the areaof operations. We recommend that each membermaintain competency in each of the following: A CI Runway Incursion Awareness and Preventioncourse; ACI Global Safety Network (GSN); and ACI/ICAO Aerodrome Certification course.Please visit www.aci.aero/training for further information on relevant safety training courses.1.2Runway Safety AwarenessAn important objective for Local Runway SafetyTeams is to raise awareness of runway safetymatters and share good practices to prevent runwayincursions, excursions, wildlife events, vehicle andmobile equipment occurrences.1.3Change Management (Construction)Runway construction or temporary restrictionsfor maintenance may create hazards for aircraftoperation. It is recommended that the RST shouldundertake a safety assessment at each stage of theplanning of the construction or maintenance.Planning Stage: The construction plan (or long termmaintenance plan) should be reported to the LRSTand the LRST should perform a safety assessmentvia document to review such items as: T he construction site protection plan (includingmarkings, signs and lighting); T he construction site access plan (including thecommunication plan to ATC); P rescriptive traffic control plans, including phasingpredicated on aircraft access; and The Aeronautical Information plan (AIP or NOTAM).Initial Construction Stage: the LRST should performa safety assessment through site inspection anddocument review before beginning construction, toreview such items as: P rotection of the construction site and measurements according to the plan;A local safety awareness campaign should beinitiated at each aerodrome to identify runway safetyissues from the combined operational experience ofthe established Local Runway Safety Team. Timingof awareness campaigns is important. Making a hotspot map or conducting a runway safety briefing atthe start of a busy season, or just before a periodof weather deterioration, can be helpful to alloperational staff. P rotection measurement from local potentialhazards; andLessons learned from LRST experience, the individualcareers of its members, and industry best practicesfrom publications and safety campaigns should begathered for information-sharing to all members. ALRST should ensure wide dissemination of the safetyrecommendations derived from accident and incidentinvestigation findings as well as other relevant lessonslearned, for example from operational experience andbest risk-mitigation practices. C learance of construction fencing, stationaryequipment and vehicles, etc. from the site The published AIP or NOTAM.Closing Construction and Reopening Stage: theLRST should perform a safety assessment throughsite inspection and document review before closingthe construction site and reopening the runway, tocheck items such as: C ompliance of the constructed area’s markings,signs and lighting with ICAO SARPs; and The revision of the AIP or NOTAM.More information about preparation for constructionsafety can be found in Chapter 4.3

2014 Runway Safety Handbook2 Planning and DesignThe principal concept for aerodrome planningis to provide sufficient aerodrome capacity andoptimize operational efficiency without adverselyaffecting safety. Aerodrome design has traditionallybeen mainly concerned with the issues of safetyand security. However, operational efficiency andenvironmental protection have gradually becomeequally important factors. Additionally, most airportsare facing restrictions to their development.ICAO SARPs, guidance materials, and each State’sregulations for aerodrome infrastructure and facilitiesmust be respected, together with local restrictions.Restrictions such as the land usage plan, crosswind,noise, and environmental and economic issuesmay cause difficulties in fulfilling all the regulatoryrequirements for the aerodrome. This chapter mainlycovers infrastructural safety issues which need to betaken into account to enhance runway safety.2.1Master Plan for New InfrastructureThe Airport Master Plan is a document that presentsthe short-term (1-5 years), intermediate-term (610 years) and long-term (10-20 year) developmentgoals of an airport and is typically evaluated andupdated every 5 to 10 years. The Airport MasterPlan provides the following: A graphic presentation of the future developmentof the airport and anticipated land uses in thevicinity of the airport; A schedule for development; An achievable financial plan; J ustification for the plan technically and procedurally; and A n implementation plan that satisfies local, state,and federal regulations.The Master Plan should be reviewed at leastannually and adjusted as appropriate to reflectconditions at the time of review. It should bethoroughly evaluated and modified every five years,or more often if changes in economic, operational,environmental and financial condition indicate anearlier need for such revision. It is recommendedthat the aerodrome operator should be proactivelyinvolved in the master planning to eliminate potentialhazards being created by aerodrome infrastructure,such as the runway and taxiway layout, etc., and toaccommodate future aircraft developments.MASTER PLANNING PROCESSPre PlanningFacility RequirementPublic InvolvementAlternative Development & EvalutationAviation ForecastsEnvironmental ConsiderationInventory of Existing ConditionFinancial Feasibility AnalysisAirport Layout PlanFigure 2. Example of Master Planning process4

2014 Runway Safety Handbook2.2Design of New InfrastructureIt is critical for the success of the aerodrome for itto produce a Master Plan. This should be based ona series of broad concepts of how the aerodromewill need to develop over a given time. This planwill need to be the subject of comprehensiveconsultation and general agreement by theplanning team. A Master Plan can take the formof a simple listing of objectives and projects, orat the other end of the scale may be a complexset of documents produced by a dedicatedplanning team and using inputs from all parts ofthe business. The Master Plan should embody thefollowing general characteristics:New aerodrome infrastructure design should fullycomply with ICAO SARPs and State regulations.Even though complying with SARPs, many airports have complicated hazards inherent to theirinfrastructure, such as: S afety must feature as one of the Key MasterPlanning Objectives; and a requirement forsafety assessments for all developments shouldbe formally expressed. This should be reflectedin the aerodrome’s Safety Management System; O ne or more taxiways connecting to convergingrunways. T he plan needs to take into account forecastdemand for a range of aerodrome activitiesincluding traffic levels, passenger numbers,freight throughput and the maintenance orimprovement of service levels, together withany special requirements applicable to the aerodrome; T he plan should cover a fixed timescale depending on aerodrome needs and expected futureevents. Within the life of the plan there should befixed milestones for review and to commencedevelopment of the succeeding plan; T he plan should have flexibility, with arrangements in place for review and updating to meetchanging situations; and T he plan should act as the focal point of planningactivity, so that developments flow from it in anordered and coordinated fashion. Every projectshould be considered within the context of thewhole plan. All too often, projects completed inisolation have precluded later development orresulted in limited choice and/or an erosion ofsafety standards. Cross runways; Converging runways; C losely spaced parallel runways with rapid exittaxiway leading directly to another runway; Y-shaped taxiway intersections; Taxiways crossing a rapid exit taxiway; andThe primary focus of the design of the runway areasof an airport should be safety and efficiency ofoperation. Clearly, the reduction of potential runwayincursions is an integral part of this goal and soincursion prevention measures should be a part ofthe design of new runways and taxiways.Key elements to eliminate incursion risk airportdesign are: C ross Runways and Converging Runwaysshould be avoided because they usually requirecomplicated connecting taxiways and also restrictflight operations. But crosswind is one of the mostimportant factors of the runway layout. Aerodromeoperators should perform a careful studyanalysing prevailing winds and the performanceof the aircraft that will be accommodated on thenew runways. If cross or converging runways areinevitable, aerodrome operators should prepareprevention measures for runway incursion. Suchrunways

The Runway Safety Handbook forms part of a coordinated approach to Safety Management Systems for ACI’s members. In the area of staff development, ACI’s Global Training offers a range of courses relevant to runway safety, via both classroom deliv