Transcription
AUSTRALIA’SINTERNATIONAL CYBERAND CRITICAL TECHENGAGEMENT STRATEGY
AUSTRALIA’SINTERNATIONAL CYBERAND CRITICAL TECHENGAGEMENT STRATEGY
AUSTRALIA’S INTERNATIONAL CYBER AND CRITICAL TECH ENGAGEMENT STRATEGYCreative CommonsWith the exception of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms, and where otherwise noted all material presentedin this document is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia license, available athttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/. The details of the relevant license conditions are available ofthe Creative Commons website (accessible using the links provided) as is the full legal code for the CC BY 3.0 AUlicense, available at de.ISBNISBN 978-1-74322-553-0 Australia’s International Cyber and Critical Tech Engagement Strategy (PDF)ISBN 978-1-74322-554-7 Australia’s International Cyber and Critical Tech Engagement Strategy (Book [softcover])AttributionThis publication should be attributed as follows: Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Foreign Affairs andTrade, Australia’s International Cyber and Critical Technology Engagement Strategy, 2021Use of the Coat of ArmsThe terms under which the Coat of Arms can be used are detailed on the Department of the Prime Minister andCabinet website: actEnquiries about this document are welcome and should be directed to:2Cyber Affairs and Critical Technology BranchDepartment of Foreign Affairs and TradeRG Casey Building, John McEwen CrescentBarton ACT 0221
CONTENTSFOREIGN MINISTER’S FOREWORD 5INTRODUCTION BY THE AMBASSADORFOR CYBER AFFAIRS AND CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY 7EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8AT A GLANCE: AUSTRALIA’S INTERNATIONALCYBER AND CRITICAL TECH ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY 10CYBER AND CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY DIPLOMACY 12VALUES 18DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES 20HUMAN RIGHTS 22ETHICS OF CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY 26DIVERSITY & GENDER EQUALITY 29SECURITY 34INTERNATIONAL PEACE & STABILITY 36DISINFORMATION & MISINFORMATION 44CYBER SECURITY 48CYBERCRIME 51ONLINE HARMS & SAFETY 59PROSPERITY 64REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY 66MARKETS & SUPPLY CHAINS 70RESEARCH, INDUSTRY & INNOVATION 73CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY STANDARDS 78INTERNET GOVERNANCE 82DIGITAL TRADE 85ANNEXES 903
AUSTRALIA’S INTERNATIONAL CYBER AND CRITICAL TECH ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY4
FOREIGN MINISTER’S FOREWORDForeign Minister’s ForewordTechnology is changing the way welive, work and interact faster than ever.New technologies are proliferating,widening the scope of economictransformation and disrupting social,legal and political systems.The Indo-Pacific region is undergoingthe most significant shift in strategicalignment in the modern era. Factorssuch as increasing competition betweenmajor powers, and the adoption andintegration of technology-enabled greyzone activities into statecraft meanAustralia is facing a more dynamicand contested regional environment.using disinformation, and new waysto control populations and conductforeign interference including politicaland economic coercion. The misuseof technology has exacerbated socialdivisions and inequality, and has beenused to promote messages of hateand terror. Countries and companies atthe cutting edge of innovation in thesecritical technologies often promotevalues that are at odds with our own.Existing and emerging criticaltechnologies will drive more efficient andproductive economies, help respond tofuture pandemics and health crises, andsupport more sustainable and equitableglobal development. Applications ofArtificial Intelligence (AI) can increaseproductivity in ways that will add trillionsof dollars to the global economy, andthrough applications such as earlierdiagnosis of disease, will create betterhealth outcomes. Increased digitalconnectivity provides communitieswith greater opportunities for education,access to government services andeconomic participation.Since the release of the InternationalCyber Engagement Strategy in 2017,Australia has strengthened its reputationas a world leader in engagement oncyber issues. The International Cyberand Critical Technology EngagementStrategy builds on this and expands ourcyber-focused international engagementto add a broader perspective on criticaltechnologies. This will not diminishour focus on international cyber policy,recognising that an open, free, safeand secure cyberspace is necessaryfor sustained technological innovation.However, the promise of technologycomes with new risks. As our relianceon technology increases, new meansto misuse it are being developed.This includes unlawful invasivesurveillance, malign influence operationsThe 2021 International Cyber and CriticalTechnology Engagement Strategy setsout Australia’s vision for a safe, secureand prosperous Australia, Indo-Pacificregion and world enabled by cyberspaceand critical technology. It provides5
AUSTRALIA’S INTERNATIONAL CYBER AND CRITICAL TECH ENGAGEMENT STRATEGYa framework to guide Australia’sinternational engagement across thespectrum of cyber and critical technologyissues in support of this vision, and thepractical actions Australia will take toadvance our objectives.The Australian Government definescritical technologies as thosetechnologies with the capacity tosignificantly enhance, as well as poserisks to, Australia’s national interests,including our prosperity, societyand national security.Cyberspace has become such a criticalelement of Australia’s prosperity thatmany – if not all – of the informationand communications technologiesthat underpin it are consideredcritical technologies.Since 2017, the world’s reliance oncyberspace has grown. The experienceof COVID-19, in which millions of peoplearound the world found themselves evenmore dependent on cyberspace for work,education, tele-health, shopping andsocial engagement, further highlightsour reliance on digital connectivity.Australia and our international friends,partners and allies must shape thedesign, development and use oftechnology to reflect our values andinterests. If we fail, we face a moreuncertain future and increasingdifficulties in protecting our prosperity,security, and sovereignty.Senator the Hon Marise PayneMinister for Foreign AffairsMinister for Women6
INTRODUCTION BY THE AMBASSADOR FOR CYBER AFFAIRS AND CRITICAL TECHNOLOGYIntroduction by the Ambassadorfor Cyber Affairs and Critical TechnologyCompetition over technology is increasinglyat the centre of international politics andforeign policy.While states have always sought to usetechnology for competitive gain, thecountries that can harness the currentwave of innovation, mitigate its risks,and capitalise on its transformativepowers will gain economic, political andsecurity advantages. The countries thatmanage this best will be at the forefrontof 21st century leadership.The Strategy builds on the 2017International Cyber EngagementStrategy (ICES) by incorporating criticaltechnology into Australia’s internationalengagement. While many of the driversand foundations in the 2017 ICES remainrelevant, our international engagementmust expand to reflect the increasinginterconnectedness between cyberspaceand critical technology.The Strategy was developed through acomprehensive and rigorous consultationprocess with key international anddomestic stakeholders includingGovernment, state and territorygovernments, industry, civil society andthe research community.We met with over 100 experts from over70 organisations to discuss the trendsshaping the strategic, geopolitical andtechnical environment.Additionally, we undertook a public callfor submissions to encourage interestedstakeholders in Australia and overseasto provide input into the Strategy.Strategic planning in a time of significantchange and disruption is essentialbut inherently difficult. In the currentenvironment, it is possible that someof the trends and issues identifiedin the Strategy will require furtherresponses and actions. However, whileour strategic environment may changeand technological disruption mayaccelerate, the foundations of Australia’sinternational engagement on cyber andcritical technology will remain the same.To adapt to changes in our environment,we will regularly review our internationalengagement objectives and priorities.We will pursue a coordinated, nationalstrategic approach to ensure allstakeholders are involved. We will alwaysmake decisions in our national interest.We will always work with industry andcivil society, as well as the internationalcommunity, including those who do notnecessarily share our views.Dr. Tobias FeakinAmbassador for Cyber Affairsand Critical Technology7
AUSTRALIA’S INTERNATIONAL CYBER AND CRITICAL TECH ENGAGEMENT STRATEGYEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Australian Government’s vision is for a safe, secureand prosperous Australia, Indo-Pacific and world enabledby cyberspace and critical technology.The 2021 International Cyber and CriticalTechnology Engagement Strategy setsout Australia’s interests and goals inpursuit of this vision, and providesa framework to guide Australia’swhole-of-Government internationalengagement across the spectrum ofcyber and critical technology issues.To achieve our vision and navigate anincreasingly challenging internationalenvironment, Australia must prioritiseand enhance our international cyberand critical technology diplomacy.The Strategy sets out how the AustralianGovernment will pursue a strategic andcoordinated national approach to shapecyberspace and critical technology in linewith our interests and values, and buildour international reputation as a trustedand influential leader on cyber and criticaltechnology issues.CRITICAL TECHNOLOGIESThe Australian Government defines critical technologies as those technologies withthe capacity to significantly enhance, or pose risks to, Australia’s national interests,including our prosperity, social cohesion and national security.This includes, but is not limited to, technologies (or applications of technologies)such as cyberspace, Artificial Intelligence (AI), 5G, Internet of Things (IOT), quantumcomputing and synthetic biology.These, and other emerging technologies, will transform economic competitiveness,national and international security as well as democratic governance and socialcohesion. These new technologies are often enabled by, and reliant on, informationthat is created, stored and transmitted through digital networks.8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Strategy identifies three main pillars – Values, Security and Prosperity – to guideAustralia’s international cyber and critical technology engagement (Refer to Figure 1). Values – We will always pursue a values-based approach to cyberspaceand critical technology, and oppose efforts to use technologies to underminethese values. Security – We will always support international peace and stability, and secure,trusted and resilient technology. Prosperity – We will always advocate for cyberspace and technology to fostersustainable economic growth and development to enhance prosperity.These pillars are interconnected andmutually reinforcing. Within thesepillars sit 15 chapters. These chaptersfocus in detail on specific themes, andoutline what actions Australia will taketo protect and promote our interests inthese areas. An Action Plan supportsthe strategy. The plan demonstratesthe breadth of work and interests acrossthe Australian Government on cyberand critical technology.Figure 1ValuesA safe, secure andprosperous Australia,Indo-Pacific and worldenabled by cyberspace and critical technologySecurityProsperity9
10the design, development and use of critical technologies Human Rights - promote and protect human rights online and intechnologies to uphold and protect democratic principles andprocesses Democratic Principles - advocate for cyberspace and criticalequality and women’s empowerment in the design, developmentand use of cyberspace and critical technology Diversity & Gender Equality - advocate for diversity, genderdevelopment and use of critical technologies consistent withinternational law including human rights Ethics Of Critical Technology - support the ethical design,Technology is used to uphold and protect liberal democratic valuesVALUESAustralia’s goal: a safe, secure and prosperous Australia, Indo-Pacificand world enabled by cyberspace and critical technologyAT A GLANCE: AUSTRALIA’SINTERNATIONAL CYBER AND CRITICALTECH ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY
11CYBER AND CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY DIPLOMACYan enabling environment for digital trade Digital Trade - maximise economic growth by shapingof Internet governance Internet Governance - promote the multi-stakeholder modeltechnology standards that foster interoperability, innovation,transparency, diverse markets and security by design Critical Technology Standards - shape international criticalAustralian research, industry and innovation throughinternational cooperation Research, Industry & Innovation - strengthendiverse and competitive international technology marketsand supply chains Markets & Supply Chains - advocate for open, resilient,Indo-Pacific comprised of independent sovereign statesenabled by secure and economically viable critical technology Regional Connectivity - support a connected and prosperousTechnology fosters sustainable economic growthand developmentPROSPERITYAustralia is a trusted and influential leader in cyber and critical technology diplomacyenvironment Online Harms & Safety - enable a safe and inclusive onlineprevention, detection, investigation and prosecutionof cybercrime Cybercrime - strengthen cooperation for enhancedcapability for Australia, the Indo-Pacific and the world Cyber Security - build a strong and resilient cyber securityresilience to digital disinformation and misinformationand their effects Disinformation & Misinformation - build internationaluse of critical technology, including cyberspace, to supportinternational peace and stability International Peace & Stability - shape the development andSecure, resilient and trusted technologySECURITY
CYBER AND CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY DIPLOMACYAustralia‘s goal: Australia is a trusted and influential leader in cyber and criticaltechnology diplomacyAustralia will do this by:Action 1.Prioritising and enhancing our cyber and critical technology diplomacyusing a strategic and coordinated national approachAction 2.Shaping the design, development and use of cyberspace and criticaltechnology in line with Australia’s interests and valuesAction 3.Enhancing engagement with industry, civil society and the researchcommunity on cyberspace and critical technologyCyberspace and critical technology affect all aspects of international relations.They underpin our national security, the protection and realisation of human rightsand freedoms, global economic prosperity, sustainable development and internationalstability. To maintain, protect and strengthen our interests, we need to enhance ourinternational engagement across the full spectrum of cyber and critical technology issues.Australia is committed to ensuringcyberspace and critical technologyenable a safe, secure and prosperousAustralia, Indo-Pacific and world.Yet we cannot take this outcomefor granted. Growing strategic andtechnological competition is increasingthe risks to international stability.CRITICAL TECHNOLOGIESAustralia defines critical technologies as current and emerging technologies withthe capacity to significantly enhance, or pose risks to, Australia’s prosperity, societyand national security.12
CYBER & CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY DIPLOMACYCritical technologies can generateeconomic and military advantages,particularly for early adopters.This has the potential to significantlyalter the balance of power amongstates. Critical technologies providenew ways for states to pursue theirgeopolitical interests, with the potentialto challenge the international rules-basedorder. Some states are increasinglyconducting coercive grey zone activitiesin cyberspace, below the thresholdof the use of force, to achieve theirstrategic goals.States acting maliciously in cyberspaceor by using critical technology increasesthe risk of international instability.Depending on the circumstances,this may also amount to a breach ofinternational law or an act inconsistentwith agreed norms. This challengescountries seeking to use cyberspace andcritical technology to promote globalprosperity and sustainable development.Strategic and coordinated national approach to ourinternational engagementTo navigate these challenges wewill enhance our cyber and criticaltechnology-related internationalengagement using a coordinatedwhole of-Government (WoG) approach.Australia’s cyber and critical technologyinternational engagement is coordinatedacross Government by Australia’sAmbassador for Cyber Affairs and CriticalTechnology within the Department ofForeign Affairs and Trade (DFAT).The Ambassador for Cyber Affairs andCritical Technology will chair a quarterlyWoG International Cyber and CriticalTechnology Engagement Group (Figure 2)bringing together key Governmentrepresentatives with responsibilityfor pursuing Australia’s internationalcyber and critical technology agenda.The Group will work to maximiseopportunities to promote Australia’scyber and critical technology interestsand objectives internationally.13
AUSTRALIA’S INTERNATIONAL CYBER AND CRITICAL TECH ENGAGEMENT STRATEGYFigure 2: International Cyber and Critical TechnologyEngagement GroupAttorney-General’sDepartmentDepartment of the PrimeMinister & Cabinet(Critical Technologies PolicyCoordination Office)Department ofInfrastructure, Transport,Regional Development& CommunicationsAustralianFederal PoliceDepartment of ForeignAffairs & TradeDepartment of Industry,Science, Energy& ResourcesAustralian SignalsDirectorate(Australian CyberSecurity Centre)Department of Defence(Defence, Science& Technology)Department ofHome AffairsWe will also seek opportunities to buildour capability within our diplomaticnetwork. Those who represent Australiarequire an in-depth understanding, whereneeded, of our national interests acrosscyber and critical technology issues.14Since 2017 we have implemented a CyberAffairs Curriculum for our DiplomaticAcademy to ensure representativesfrom across Government have a detailedunderstanding of Australia’s cyber affairsagenda. We will expand this curriculumto include critical technology issues.
CYBER & CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY DIPLOMACYPrioritising and enhancing our internationalengagementAustralia will continue to engage withall international partners to promote ourcyber and critical technology diplomacyobjectives, focusing on the Indo-Pacificregion. We will build new and strengthenexisting partnerships to help pursueour interests in, and access to, safe,reliable, inclusive and cost-effectivecritical technologies.We will strengthen engagement withlike-minded democracies to pursueour collective interests and values.These efforts are needed to ensure thatcyberspace and the supply and use ofcritical technologies do not endangerinternational peace and security anddemocratic values. Not all countriesshare these values, and there are diverseperspectives on how to manage theopportunities and risks of cyberspaceand critical technology. We will continueto engage with all members of theinternational community to pursueour national interests.Harnessing the opportunities ofcyberspace and critical technology inthe Indo-Pacific is crucial for economicgrowth, security, and the stabilityof the region. We recognise theopportunity provided by cyberspaceand critical technology to help achievethe Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) in the Indo-Pacific, and reaffirmour commitment to deliver on theUnited Nations 2030 Agenda forSustainable Development.To reflect the expanded scope of theStrategy, our Cyber Cooperation Programwill become the Cyber and CriticalTechnology Cooperation Program.Through the program, Australia willcontinue to work with our Indo-Pacificpartners to build the capacity needed toharness the opportunities of cyberspaceand critical technology while mitigatingthe risks.We will coordinate with other donorsin the region to ensure coherentdevelopment programming thatmaximises impact and sustainability.This includes through our CyberPolicy Dialogues and key regional andmultilateral forums, such as the East AsiaSummit, the ASEAN Regional Forum andthe Pacific Islands Forum, where we workwith partners to coordinate, prioritiseand complement cyber and criticaltechnology capacity building.15
AUSTRALIA’S INTERNATIONAL CYBER AND CRITICAL TECH ENGAGEMENT STRATEGYAUSTRALIA-INDIA FRAMEWORK ARRANGEMENT ON CYBER ANDCYBER-ENABLED CRITICAL TECHNOLOGIES COOPERATIONAs part of the Australia-India Leaders’ Virtual Summit held in June 2020, Australia and Indiaconcluded the Australia-India Framework Arrangement on Cyber and Cyber Enabled CriticalTechnologies Cooperation. Under the Arrangement, Australia and India will work together topromote and preserve an open, free, safe and secure Internet, enhance digital trade, harnesscritical technology opportunities and address cyber security challenges. The Arrangementwill be complemented by a new four-year, 12.7 million Australia-India Cyber and CriticalTechnology Partnership, creating a research and development fund for Indian and Australianbusinesses and researchers and to support other countries to improve their cyber resilience.These measures will help shape a global technology environment that meets our sharedvision of an open, free, rules-based Indo-Pacific region.We will enhance our engagement withindustry and civil society on cyberspaceand critical technology issues,recognising the importance of industryin the design, development and use ofcritical technologies. Engaging with civilsociety, academia, and the technicalcommunity will help assure newtechnologies are safer, more transparent,inclusive and explainable.To promote research and strengthenunderstanding of cyber and criticaltechnology issues, Australia establishedthe Quad Tech Network (QTN) in2020. The QTN funds public-facing,policy-relevant research from think-tanks16and academic institutions in Quadcountries (Australia, Japan, India andthe United States). We will continueto engage with the research communityto strengthen understanding of cyberand critical technology issues.By prioritising our cyber and criticaltechnology diplomacy, we willposition Australia as an active, trustedand influential leader that shapesinternational approaches on cyber andcritical technology. Australia will activelyshape the design, development and useof critical technology in line with ourliberal democratic values and interestsin a safe, secure and prosperous world.
CYBER & CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY DIPLOMACYCYBER AND TECH RETREATThe Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Officeof Denmark’s Tech Ambassador have established an annualCyber and Tech Retreat – a closed multi-stakeholder forumfor candid and constructive discussions on technology andforeign policy issues.Jointly chaired by Australia’s Ambassador for Cyber Affairsand Critical Technology and Denmark’s Tech Ambassador,the Cyber and Tech Retreat brings together governments,technology companies and academics to explore theincreasingly profound impact of critical technologies on theforeign and security policy landscape.The inaugural retreat was held in San Francisco and Silicon Valley in 2019 with a range ofdelegates including senior cyber and technology officials from 21 countries, senior executivesof US-based technology companies and leading academics. Through frank and opendiscussion in a private setting, consideration was given to a range of issues arising fromthe intersection of emerging technologies and international relations. These discussionscontinued virtually in 2020, due to the travel restrictions of COVID-19.I really think that this kind of gathering and the advance ofTechplomacy is fundamental to the future. If we’re going to betterprotect technology, if we’re going to better protect people who relyon technology, it requires that governments come together in thesenew ways, it requires that governments interact with the tech sectorin new ways. Meetings like this are not only welcome, I think we’regoing to need more of them.Brad Smith (President, Microsoft).A specialised vehicle for open engagement, the Cyber and Tech Retreat enables the buildingof meaningful working relationships where governments and industry are free to jointlyunderstand the longer-term risks, opportunities and impacts of emerging technologies,and their impact upon foreign policy interests.Ultimately, through this novel forum of technology diplomacy, Australia, Denmark,and a multitude of countries and companies continue to work to promote an open,free, secure and prosperous cyberspace.17
VALUESAUSTRALIA’S GOAL:Technology is used to uphold andprotect liberal democratic valuesTO ACHIEVE THIS GOAL, AUSTRALIA WILL: Advocate for cyberspace and critical technologies to uphold andprotect democratic principles and processes Promote and protect human rights online and in the design,development and use of critical technologies Support the ethical design, development and use of criticaltechnologies consistent with international law, including human rights Advocate for diversity, gender equality and women’s empowermentin the design, development and use of cyberspace and criticaltechnology
VALUESAustralia’s international engagement will seek to shapethe design, development and use of cyberspace andcritical technologies in line with Australian values.These values are not defined by race or religion, butrather a shared commitment to liberal democratic valuesincluding political, economic and religious freedom, therule of law, racial and gender equality, and mutual respect.Australia is both a principled and apragmatic country. While we do notseek to impose our values on others,we believe that where cyberspace andcritical technologies are used to upholdand protect liberal democratic valuesand international law, societies are safer,more secure, enable greater economicgrowth, and encourage innovation.By seeking to shape internationalapproaches to technology, foundedon these values and internationallaw, we will realise their full benefitswhile protecting against the risks oftheir misuse to the safety, securityand prosperity of Australia, our regionand the world.We will oppose the use of cyberspaceand critical technology to interfere withor undermine democratic principlesand processes. We will support thepromotion and protection of humanrights online and through the design,development and use of criticaltechnologies. We will promote the useof cyberspace and critical technologiesto advance diversity, gender equalityand women’s empowerment.We will cooperate with internationalpartners, multilateral institutions, theprivate sector, the research communityand civil society to achieve these goals.19
DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLESAustralia will: advocate for cyberspace and critical technologies to upholdand protect democratic principles and processesAustralia will do this by:Action 4.Supporting applications of cyberspace and critical technologies thatuphold and protect democratic principles and processesAction 5.Opposing the use of cyberspace and critical technologies to interfere,undermine or otherwise weaken democratic principles and processesAll Australian Government policies must give expression to, and be shaped by, Australiancommunity values. While we do not seek to impose our values on others, we aredetermined to protect liberal institutions and advocate for universal values, human rightsand democratic principles and processes. Societies that observe these values will befairer and more stable. Their economies will benefit as individual creativity is encouragedand innovation rewarded.Our democracy is defined by the valuesof the rule of law, freedom of electionsand being elected; freedom of assemblyand political participation; freedom ofexpression, religion or belief; and otherhuman rights.The rule of law, freedom, an independentmedia, an impartial and independentjudicial system and a market economyconstitute the fabric of Australiandemocracy. They support our nationalstrength and high-income economy,providing an enduring basis for social andeconomic progress. We are committedto protecting our democracy and tousing the advantages it bestows onour country to deliver opportunityand security for all Australians.Cyberspace and critical technologiescan strengthen democracy20Cyberspace and critical technologiesoffer new and enriched ways forgovernments and people all over theworld to uphold democratic principlesand actively engage in democraticprocesses. They provide new waysto share political information online,engage in political movements andcampaigns, and to fulfil human rightsand freedoms of political participation,opinion and expression. A free and openmedia is vital to realising these benefits,and to strong and robust democraticprocesses and governance.
VALUESCyberspace and critical technologiescan enhance engagement in democraticprocesses and promote democraticprinciples by opening new avenuesfor governments and political partiesto more meaningfully connect with theircitizens. This has immense potentialfor citizens and governments all overthe world to build more inclusive,engaged and representative societies.Australia will support and encouragethe use of cyberspace and criticaltechnologies to strengthen and protectdemocratic principles, processes andother associated freedoms around theworld. We will continue to promote thisin our bilateral, regional and multilateralengagement and capacity buildingactivities. Australia will also engage withindustry and civil society to strengthenmutual understanding of how cyberspaceand critical technology can strengthenand reinforce democratic principlesand processes.Cyberspace and
cyber and critical tech engagement strategy 10 cyber and critical technology diplomacy 12 values 18. democratic principles 20 human rights 22 ethics of critical technology 26 diversity & gender equality 29. security 34. international peace & stability 36 disinformation & misinformation 44 cyber security 48 cybercrime 51 online harms & safety 59
