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2022 Virginia 4-HDairy Quiz Bowl MaterialsPrepared by:David R. WinstonExtension Dairy Scientist, YouthDepartment of Dairy Science (0315)Litton Reaves Hall, Room 2050, Virginia Tech175 West Campus DriveBlacksburg, VA 24061(540) 231-5693dwinston@vt.eduVirginia Cooperative Extension is a partnership of Virginia Tech, Virginia State University, the U.S. Department ofAgriculture, and local governments. Its programs and employment are open to all, regardless of age, color, disability, gender,gender identity, gender expression, national origin, political affiliation, race, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information,military status, or any other basis protected by law.
Table of ContentsChapter 1: Dates in Dairy History* .3Chapter 2: Agencies, Organizations, and Leaders*.6Chapter 3: Dairy Breeds* .10Chapter 4: Dairy Cattle Judging, Fitting and Showing* .13Chapter 5: Calf and Heifer Management* .17Chapter 6: Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding* .21Chapter 7: Lactation and Milking Management* .31Chapter 8: Milk and Dairy Products* .38Chapter 9: Milk Marketing*.43Chapter 10: Reproduction .46Chapter 11: Genetics .52Chapter 12: Animal Health.58Chapter 13: Nutrient Management .68Chapter 14: Miscellaneous* .71NoteSenior 4 H members competing in district and state 4-H dairy quiz bowl contests in Virginia may be quizzed onany of the information contained within this year's study materials.Junior 4-H members will only be responsible for those marked with an asterisk (Chapters 1-9 and 14).DisclaimerThis publication is a living document and is updated on an annual basis. Given the pace of change in today’sworld, information can become dated very quickly. If you find information that has changed, feel free to contactthe editor, so your suggestions may be included in the next revision. Thank you!‐2022 Virginia 4-H Dairy Quiz Bowl MaterialsPage 2
Chapter 1: Dates in Dairy History1611First cows arrived at the Jamestown Colony1624First cows arrived at the Plymouth Colony1810First dairy cooperative in the U.S. organized in Goshen, Connecticut1851First commercial cheese factory established in New York1856First patent for condensed milkFirst commercial butter factory established in New York1857First successful condensery built by Gail Borden in Burrville, Connecticut1862Morrill Act enacted to create the Land Grant College System1868American Jersey Cattle Club founded1877American Guernsey Cattle Club founded1878Centrifugal cream separator invented by Dr. Gustav DeLaval1880Brown Swiss Breeders Association founded1884Milk bottle invented by Dr. Harvey Thatcher in Potsdam, NY1885Hoard’s Dairyman magazine first publishedHolstein-Friesian Association of America formed1886Automatic bottle filler and capper patented1887Hatch Act enacted to create state agricultural experiment stations1890Babcock test for butterfat developed1895Pulsator invented1904American Dairy Goat Association organized1905First cow testing association in the U.S. organized in Michigan1906American Dairy Science Association foundedFirst National Dairy Show held in ChicagoBrown Swiss cattle recognized as an official dairy breed in the U.S.1906National Dairy Council organized1914Smith-Lever Act signed establishing the Cooperative Extension Service1916National Milk Producers Federation founded1917Journal of Dairy Science first published1922Capper-Volstead Act passed by Congress to empower farmers and agricultural producers to market,price, and sell their products through cooperative means1927Cow Testing Association renamed Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA)1931Hoard’s Dairyman cow judging contest begun1932First plastic coated paper milk cartons introduced commercially1935National Cooperative Sire Proving Program initiated1936First dairy cattle A.I. organization in Denmark2022 Virginia 4-H Dairy Quiz Bowl MaterialsPage 3
1937First list of sires proven in DHIA testing published by USDAFederal Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act, which provides for federal milk marketing orders,passed1938Artificial insemination began in the U.S.First A.I. cooperative in the U.S. organized in New Jersey by E. J. PerryFirst bulk tanks used on farms1940American Dairy Association foundedPurebred Dairy Cattle Association formed1942National Association of Animal Breeders organized1943PDCA Dairy Cow Unified Scorecard was first copyrighted1945First edition of National Research Council’s Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle published1949National Dairy Shrine founded1951Computer first used to calculate DHIA records in UtahFirst U.S. young sire sampling program establishedFirst successful embryo transfer in dairy cattleFirst commercial milk replacer for calves introduced1953Frosty, the first U.S. calf resulting from frozen semen, was born1955Flavor control equipment introduced commercially1960National Mastitis Council founded1964Commercial introduction of plastic milk jugRed and White Dairy Cattle Association organized1965National Dairy Herd Information Association organized1967World Dairy Expo founded and holds first show1974Nutrition labeling of fluid milk products begins1983INTERBULL developedDairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act created National Dairy Promotion and Research Board and a 15cent dairy check-off1989Animal Model first used for USDA genetic evaluations1993Bovine somatotropin, first product of biotechnology for animals, approved1994Holstein-Friesian Association officially changes its name to Holstein Association USA, Inc.1995Multi-trait Across Country Evaluations (MACE) for bulls implemented by INTERBULL1998Dairy Calf and Heifer Association founded2000First U.S. commercial robotic milker installed in Wisconsin2002North American Intercollegiate Dairy Challenge established2003Sexed semen becomes commercially available2006Dairy Cattle Reproductive Council founded2009Most recent revision of the PDCA Dairy Cow Unified ScorecardGenomic predictions of genetic merit officially released by USDA-AIPLJersey Youth Academy established2022 Virginia 4-H Dairy Quiz Bowl MaterialsPage 4
2013Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding assumes responsibility for publishing U.S. dairy genetic evaluations2016PDCA Showmanship Evaluation Card revised2021Eighth revised edition of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle published2022 Virginia 4-H Dairy Quiz Bowl MaterialsPage 5
Chapter 2: Agencies, Organizations, and LeadersACRONYMSADA .American Dairy AssociationADGA.American Dairy Goat AssociationADSA.American Dairy Science AssociationAFBF .American Farm Bureau FederationAJCA .American Jersey Cattle AssociationAMS .Agricultural Marketing Service (USDA)AOAC .American Organization of Analytical ChemistsAPHIS .Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA)ARS .Agricultural Research Service (USDA)CCC .Commodity Credit CorporationCME .Chicago Mercantile ExchangeCSS .Certified Semen ServicesDCHA .Dairy Calf and Heifer AssociationDCRC .Dairy Cattle Reproduction CouncilDHIA.Dairy Herd Information AssociationDHIR .Dairy Herd Information RegistryDRPC.Dairy Records Processing CenterEPA.Environmental Protection AgencyFAS .Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA)FASS .Federation of Animal Science SocietiesFCS .Farm Credit ServicesFDA .Food and Drug AdministrationFSA .Farm Service Agency (USDA)FSIS .Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA)IDF .International Dairy FederationIDFA .International Dairy Foods AssociationIMS .Interstate Milk ShippersNAAB .National Association of Animal BreedersNADC .National Animal Disease CenterNAIDC .North American Intercollegiate Dairy ChallengeNASS .National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA)NCIMS .National Conference on Interstate Milk ShipmentsNDC .National Dairy CouncilNDHIA .National Dairy Herd Information AssociationNDPRB .National Dairy Promotion and Research Board2022 Virginia 4-H Dairy Quiz Bowl MaterialsPage 6
NIFA .National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA)NMC .National Mastitis CouncilNMPF .National Milk Producers FederationNRC .National Research CouncilNRCS .Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA)PDCA .Purebred Dairy Cattle AssociationSWCD .Soil and Water Conservation DistrictUDIA .United Dairy Industry AssociationUSDA.United States Department of AgricultureUSDEC .United States Dairy Export CouncilYDLI .Young Dairy Leaders InstituteDAIRY INDUSTRY PIONEERSS. M. Babcock developed the butterfat test that was the basis for DHIA testing.Gail Borden received the first patent for condensed milkDr. Gustaw Delaval invented the centrifugal cream separator.W. D. Hoard founded Hoard’s Dairyman, the national dairy farm magazine.Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization; considered the first person to discover that bacteria cause food spoilageand disease.Dr. Harvey Thatcher invented the milk bottle.DAIRY INDUSTRY LEADERSJim Mulhern .President and CEO of the National Milk Producers FederationJay Mattison .CEO and Administrator of National DHIAJerry Bowman .Executive Director of the American Dairy Science AssociationCorey Geiger .Managing Editor of Hoard’s DairymanWalt Cooley .Managing Editor of Progressive DairyMike Opperman .Executive Director of National Dairy ShrineBarb O’Brien .CEO of Dairy Management, Inc.BREED ASSOCIATION LEADERSBecky Payne .Executive Director of the U.S. Ayrshire Breeders AssociationNorman Magnussen .Executive Secretary of the Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders AssociationRobin Alden .Executive Secretary of the American Guernsey AssociationJohn Meyer .CEO/Executive Secretary of Holstein Association USA, IncNeal Smith .Executive Secretary and CEO of the American Jersey Cattle AssociationBrenda Gudex .Executive Secretary of the American Milking Shorthorn SocietyNicholas Randle .President of the Red & White Dairy Cattle Association2022 Virginia 4-H Dairy Quiz Bowl MaterialsPage 7
AGRICULTURAL LEADERS IN GOVERNMENTTom Vilsack .U.S. Secretary of AgricultureSen. Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) .Chair of the U.S. Senate Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry CommitteeRep. David Scott (D-GA) .Chair of the U.S. House Committee on AgricultureDAIRY RELATED ORGANIZATIONSThe mission of National All-Jersey, Inc. is to increase the value of and demand for Jersey milk and to promoteequity in milk pricing.The Holstein Foundation’s education, leadership development, and outreach programs serve youth and youngadults representing all breeds of dairy cattle.The Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding oversees approval of records systems standards. The council appointsthe group to certify performance of DHI’s and other herd record providers.The four Dairy Records Processing Centers (DRPC’s) in the U.S. are:AgriTech AnalyticsAmelicorDairy Records Management SystemsVAS/AgSource InfolyticsDairy Farmers of America (DFA) is the largest dairy cooperative in the U.S.Nestlé USA is the largest processor and distributor of milk and dairy products in the U.S.Lactalis is the top dairy company in the world based on dairy sales. The company’s headquarters is located inFrance.Danone is the world’s largest yogurt maker.Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd. in New Zealand is the world’s largest private exporter of dairy products.Dairy Commodities traded at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange daily are:Block and barrel cheese (cash)Butter futuresClass III and Class IV milk futures and optionsDairy Management, Inc. (DMI) is a nonprofit organization formed by the National Dairy Board and UnitedDairy Industry Association. It conducts programs in integrated marketing, communications, promotion, andresearch for U.S. dairy farmers. DMI manages the National Dairy Council and the American DairyAssociation, and founded the U.S. Dairy Export Council and the Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy.The American Dairy Science Association (ADSA) is an international organization of educators, scientists, andindustry representatives who are committed to advancing the dairy industry. The Journal of Dairy Science isthe organization’s official scientific publication. ADSA has two divisions in its organizational structure –Dairy Foods and Dairy Production.The National Dairy Shrine Museum is located in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin.2022 Virginia 4-H Dairy Quiz Bowl MaterialsPage 8
ORGANIZATION HEADQUARTERSAmerican Dairy Science Association .Champaign, IllinoisCouncil on Dairy Cattle Breeding .Bowie, MarylandDairy Calf and Heifer Association .New Prague, MinnesotaDairy Cattle Reproduction Council.New Prague, MinnesotaHoard’s Dairyman .Fort Atkinson, WisconsinMilk and Dairy Beef Quality Assurance Center .Stratford, IowaNational Dairy Shrine .Fort Atkinson, WisconsinNational DHIA.Verona, WisconsinNational Milk Producers Federation .Arlington, VirginiaEVENT LOCATIONSAll-American Dairy Show .Harrisburg, PennsylvaniaEastern States Exposition (The Big E) .West Springfield, MassachusettsNational 4-H Dairy Conference .Madison, WisconsinNorth American International Livestock Exposition .Louisville, KentuckyWorld Dairy Expo .Madison, Wisconsin2022 Virginia 4-H Dairy Quiz Bowl MaterialsPage 9
Chapter 3: Dairy BreedsThe seven major breeds recognized by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association are Ayrshire, Brown Swiss,Guernsey, Holstein, Jersey, Milking Shorthorn, and Red & White.AYRSHIREPlace of origin .County of Ayr, ScotlandArrived in the United States .1822Mature bodyweight .1,200 lb.Permanent ID method .Official tattoo or American ID tagAssociation name .U.S. Ayrshire Breeders AssociationAssociation headquarters .Columbus, OhioBreed magazine .Ayrshire DigestBROWN SWISSPlace of origin.SwitzerlandArrived in the United States .1869Mature bodyweight .1,400 lb.Permanent ID method .Ear tattoo or official AIN eartagAssociation name .Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders’ AssociationAssociation headquarters .Beloit, WisconsinBreed magazine .Brown Swiss BulletinBrown Swiss cattle were originally used for milk, meat and draft purposes. Today’s Brown Swiss cattle areknown for high protein to fat ratio, longevity, sound feet and legs, and having few health problems.GUERNSEYPlace of origin .Isle of GuernseyArrived in the United States .1840Mature bodyweight .1,250 lb.Permanent ID method .RFID tag, photo, sketch, or ear tattooAssociation name .American Guernsey AssociationAssociation headquarters .Columbus, OhioBreed magazine .Guernsey Breeders JournalGuernsey milk is known for its golden color.2022 Virginia 4-H Dairy Quiz Bowl MaterialsPage 10
HOLSTEINPlace of origin .Netherlands and GermanyArrived in the United States .1852Mature bodyweight .1,400 lb.Permanent ID method.Eartag ID, photo, or sketchAssociation name .Holstein Association USA, Inc.Association headquarters .Brattleboro, VermontBreed magazine .The PulseHolsteins make up about 90% of the U.S. dairy cow population.The three colors found in registered Holstein cattle are black, red, and white.On average, Holsteins produce more milk per cow than the other dairy cattle breeds.JERSEYPlace of origin.Isle of JerseyArrived in the United States .1850sMature bodyweight .1,000 lb.Permanent ID method .Approved eartag or legible tattooAssociation name .American Jersey Cattle AssociationAssociation headquarters.Reynoldsburg, OhioBreed magazine.Jersey JournalJerseys generally produce milk with the highest fat and protein content.MILKING SHORTHORNPlace of origin .EnglandArrived in the United States .1783Mature bodyweight .1,400 lb.Permanent ID method .Ear tattoo, RFID tag, laser printed tag, or button tagAssociation name .American Milking Shorthorn AssociationAssociation headquarters .Beloit, WisconsinBreed magazine .Milking Shorthorn JournalRED & WHITEAssociation name .Red and White Dairy Cattle AssociationAssociation headquarters .Watertown, WisconsinBreed magazine .The Red BloodlinesThe Red and White Dairy Cattle Association has an open herdbook with different levels of registry. Theorganization allows different breeds in their herdbook, not just red and white Holsteins.2022 Virginia 4-H Dairy Quiz Bowl MaterialsPage 11
NOTABLE ANIMALSBrown Swiss production leader .Lost Elm Prelude Pixy ET (65,430 lb.)Holstein production leader .Selz-Pralle Aftershock 3918 (78,170 lb.)Jersey p
1905 First cow testing association in the U.S. organized in Michigan 1906 American Dairy Science Association founded First National Dairy Show held in Chicago Brown Swiss cattle recognized as an official dairy breed in the U.S. 1906 National Dairy Council organized 1914 Smith-Lever Act signed establishing the Cooperative Extension Service
