WIXLIB

Carnegie Mellon(3) Internet Connections Clients and servers communicate by sending streams of bytesover connections. Each connection is: Point-to-point: connects a pair of processes. Full-duplex: data can flow in both directions at the same time, A socket is an endpoint of a connection Socket address is an IPaddress:port pair A port is a 16-bit integer that identifies a process: Ephemeral port: Assigned automatically by client kernel when clientmakes a connection request. Well-known port: Associated with some service provided by a server(e.g., port 80 is associated with Web servers)Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition30

Carnegie MellonAnatomy of a Connection A connection is uniquely identified by the socketaddresses of its endpoints (socket pair) (cliaddr:cliport, servaddr:servport)Client socket address128.2.194.242:51213ClientServer socket address208.216.181.15:80Connection socket pair(128.2.194.242:51213, 208.216.181.15:80)Client host address128.2.194.242Server(port 80)Server host address208.216.181.15Activity: models 4 and 551213 is an ephemeral portallocated by the kernelBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition80 is a well-known portassociated with Web servers31

Carnegie MellonUsing Ports to Identify ServicesServer host 128.2.194.242Client hostClientService request for128.2.194.242:80(i.e., the Web server)Web server(port 80)KernelEcho server(port 7)ClientService request for128.2.194.242:7(i.e., the echo server)Web server(port 80)KernelEcho server(port 7)Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition32

Carnegie MellonWell-known Service Names and Ports Popular services have permanently assigned well-knownports and corresponding well-known service names: echo servers:ftp servers:ssh servers:email servers:Web servers:echo 7ftp 21ssh 22smtp 25http 80Map between well-known ports and service names iscontained in the file /etc/services on each Linuxmachine.Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition33

Carnegie MellonGlobal IP Internet (upper case) Most famous example of an internetBased on the TCP/IP protocol family IP (Internet Protocol)Provides basic naming scheme and unreliable delivery capabilityof packets (datagrams) from host-to-host UDP (Unreliable Datagram Protocol) Uses IP to provide unreliable datagram delivery fromprocess-to-process TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) Uses IP to provide reliable byte streams from process-to-processover connections TCP extends connection properties at the cost of overhead: Reliability: Stream of bytes sent by the source is eventually received bythe destination. Ordering: .and appear to arrive in the same order they were sent.Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition34

Carnegie MellonToday Network hardwareNetwork protocols and software1) Addresses2) Names 3) ConnectionsThe WebBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition35

Carnegie MellonWeb Server Basics Clients and servers communicateusing the HyperText TransferProtocol (HTTP) Client and server establish TCPconnection Client requests content Server responds with requestedcontent Client and server close connection(eventually) Current version is HTTP/1.1 RFC 2616, June, 1999.HTTP requestWebclient(browser)WebserverHTTP response(content)HTTPTCPIPWeb /rfc2616/rfc2616.htmlBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition36

Carnegie MellonWeb Content Web servers return content to clients content: a sequence of bytes with an associated MIME (MultipurposeInternet Mail Extensions) type Example MIME types text/html text/plain image/gifformat image/pngformat image/jpegformatHTML documentUnformatted textBinary image encoded in GIFBinar image encoded in PNGBinary image encoded in JPEGYou can find the complete list of MIME types ia-types.xhtmlBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition37

Carnegie MellonStatic and Dynamic Content The content returned in HTTP responses can be eitherstatic or dynamic Static content: content stored in files and retrieved in response toan HTTP request Examples: HTML files, images, audio clips, Javascript programs Request identifies which content file Dynamic content: content produced on-the-fly in response to anHTTP request Example: content produced by a program executed by theserver on behalf of the client Request identifies file containing executable code Bottom line: Web content is associated with a file that ismanaged by the serverBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition38

Carnegie MellonURLs and how clients and servers use them Unique name for a file: URL (Universal Resource Locator)Example URL: http://www.cmu.edu:80/index.htmlClients use prefix (http://www.cmu.edu:80) to infer: What kind (protocol) of server to contact (HTTP) Where the server is (www.cmu.edu)Activity: What port it is listening on (80) model 6Servers use suffix (/index.html) to: Determine if request is for static or dynamic content. No hard and fast rules for this One convention: executables reside in cgi-bin directory Find file on file system Initial “/” in suffix denotes home directory for requested content. Minimal suffix is “/”, which server expands to configured defaultfilename (usually, index.html)Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition39

Carnegie MellonHTTP Requests HTTP request is a request line, followed by zero or morerequest headers Request line: method uri version method is one of GET, POST, OPTIONS, HEAD, PUT,DELETE, or TRACE uri is typically URL for proxies, URL suffix for servers A URL is a type of URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt version is HTTP version of request (HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1) Request headers: header name : header data Provide additional information to the serverBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition40

Carnegie MellonHTTP Responses HTTP response is a response line followed by zero or moreresponse headers, possibly followed by content, with blank line(“\r\n”) separating headers from content. Response line: version status code status msg version is HTTP version of the response status code is numeric status status msg is corresponding English text 200301404OKRequest was handled without errorMovedProvide alternate URLNot foundServer couldn’t find the fileResponse headers: header name : header data Provide additional information about response Content-Type: MIME type of content in response body Content-Length: Length of content in response bodyBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition41

Carnegie MellonTesting Servers Using telnet The telnet program is invaluable for testing serversthat transmit ASCII strings over Internet connections Our simple echo server Web servers Mail servers Usage: linux telnet host portnumber Creates a connection with a server running on host andlistening on port portnumber Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition42

Carnegie MellonAdditional slidesBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition43

Carnegie MellonSockets Interface Set of system-level functions used in conjunction withUnix I/O to build network applications. Created in the early 80’s as part of the original Berkeleydistribution of Unix that contained an early version of theInternet protocols. Available on all modern systems Unix variants, Windows, OS X, IOS, Android, ARMBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition44

Carnegie MellonSockets What is a socket? To the kernel, a socket is an endpoint of communication To an application, a socket is a file descriptor that lets theapplication read/write from/to the network Remember: All Unix I/O devices, including networks, aremodeled as files Clients and servers communicate with each other byreading from and writing to socket descriptorsClientclientfd ServerserverfdThe main distinction between regular file I/O and socketI/O is how the application “opens” the socket descriptorsBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition45

Carnegie MellonSocket Address Structures Generic socket address: For address arguments to connect, bind, and accept Necessary only because C did not have generic (void *) pointers whenthe sockets interface was designed For casting convenience, we adopt the Stevens convention:typedef struct sockaddr SA;struct sockaddr {uint16 t sa family;charsa data[14];};/* Protocol family *//* Address data */sa familyFamily SpecificBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition56

Carnegie MellonSocket Address Structures Internet (IPv4) specific socket address: Must cast (struct sockaddr in *) to (struct sockaddr *)for functions that take socket address arguments.struct sockaddr in {uint16 tsin family;uint16 tsin port;struct in addr sin addr;unsigned charsin zero[8];};sin port/*/*/*/*Protocol family (always AF INET) */Port num in network byte order */IP addr in network byte order */Pad to sizeof(struct sockaddr) */sin addr0AF INET0000000sa familysin familyFamily SpecificBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition57

Carnegie MellonHost and Service Conversion: getaddrinfo getaddrinfo is the modern way to convert stringrepresentations of hostnames, host addresses, ports, andservice names to socket address structures. Replaces obsolete gethostbyname and getservbyname funcs. Advantages: Reentrant (can be safely used by threaded programs). Allows us to write portable protocol-independent code Works with both IPv4 and IPv6Disadvantages Somewhat complex Fortunately, a small number of usage patterns suffice in most cases.Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition58

Carnegie MellonHost and Service Conversion: getaddrinfoint getaddrinfo(const char *host,/*const char *service,/*const struct addrinfo *hints,/*struct addrinfo **result);/*Hostname or address */Port or service name */Input parameters */Output linked list */void freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *result);/* Free linked list */const char *gai strerror(int errcode);/* Return error msg */ Given host and service, getaddrinfo returns resultthat points to a linked list of addrinfo structs, each of whichpoints to a corresponding socket address struct, and whichcontains arguments for the sockets interface functions.Helper functions: freeadderinfo frees the entire linked list. gai strerror converts error code to an error message.Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition59

Carnegie MellonLinked List Returned by getaddrinforesultaddrinfo structsai canonnameai addrai nextSocket address structsNULLai addrai nextNULLai addrNULL Clients: walk this list, trying each socket address in turn, untilthe calls to socket and connect succeed.Servers: walk the list until calls to socket and bind succeed.Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition60

Carnegie Mellonaddrinfo Structstruct addrinfo {intai flags;/* Hints argument flags */intai family;/* First arg to socket function */intai socktype; /* Second arg to socket function */intai protocol; /* Third arg to socket function */char*ai canonname; /* Canonical host name */size tai addrlen;/* Size of ai addr struct */struct sockaddr *ai addr;/* Ptr to socket address structure */struct addrinfo *ai next;/* Ptr to next item in linked list */}; Each addrinfo struct returned by getaddrinfo containsarguments that can be passed directly to socket function.Also points to a socket address struct that can be passeddirectly to connect and bind functions.Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition61

Carnegie MellonHost and Service Conversion: getnameinfo getnameinfo is the inverse of getaddrinfo, converting asocket address to the corresponding host and service. Replaces obsolete gethostbyaddr and getservbyport funcs. Reentrant and protocol independent.int getnameinfo(const SA *sa, socklen t salen,char *host, size t hostlen,char *serv, size t servlen,int flags);Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition/*/*/*/*In: socket addr */Out: host */Out: service */optional flags */62

Carnegie MellonConversion Example#include "csapp.h"int main(int argc, char **argv){struct addrinfo *p, *listp, hints;char buf[MAXLINE];int rc, flags;/* Get a list of addrinfo records */memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(struct addrinfo));// hints.ai family AF INET;/* IPv4 only */hints.ai socktype SOCK STREAM; /* Connections only */if ((rc getaddrinfo(argv[1], NULL, &hints, &listp)) ! 0) {fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo error: %s\n", gai strerror(rc));exit(1);}hostinfo.cBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition63

Carnegie MellonConversion Example (cont)/* Walk the list and display each IP address */flags NI NUMERICHOST; /* Display address instead of name */for (p listp; p; p p- ai next) {Getnameinfo(p- ai addr, p- ai addrlen,buf, MAXLINE, NULL, 0, flags);printf("%s\n", buf);}/* Clean up */Freeaddrinfo(listp);exit(0);}Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Editionhostinfo.c64

Carnegie MellonRunning hostinfowhaleshark ./hostinfo localhost127.0.0.1whaleshark ./hostinfo whaleshark.ics.cs.cmu.edu128.2.210.175whaleshark ./hostinfo 02199.16.156.198whaleshark ./hostinfo yant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition65

Carnegie MellonBasic Internet Components Internet backbone: collection of routers (nationwide or worldwide) connected by high-speedpoint-to-point networks Internet Exchange Points (IXP): router that connects multiple backbones (often referred to as peers) Also called Network Access Points (NAP) Regional networks: smaller backbones that cover smaller geographical areas(e.g., cities or states) Point of presence (POP): machine that is connected to the Internet Internet Service Providers (ISPs): provide dial-up or direct access to POPsBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition67

Carnegie MellonInternet Connection HierarchyPrivate“peering”agreementsbetweentwo backbonecompaniesoften ePOPColocationsitesBackbonePOPPOPPOPT3Regional netPOPPOPT1ISP (for individuals)ISPPOPPOPT1Small BusinessBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third EditionBig BusinessPOPPOPCablemodemPgh employeePOPDSLDC employee68

Carnegie MellonIP Address Structure IP (V4) Address space divided into classes:01238Class A 0 Net IDClass B 1 0Net IDClass C 1101624Host IDHost IDNet IDClass D 1 1 1 0Multicast addressClass EReserved for experiments111131Host IDNetwork ID Written in form w.x.y.z/n n number of bits in host address E.g., CMU written as 128.2.0.0/16 Class B addressUnrouted (private) IP addresses:10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0/16Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition69

Carnegie MellonEvolution of Internet Original Idea Every node on Internet would have unique IP address Everyone would be able to talk directly to everyone No secrecy or authentication Messages visible to routers and hosts on same LAN Possible to forge source field in packet header Shortcomings There aren't enough IP addresses available Don't want everyone to have access or knowledge of all other hosts Security issues mandate secrecy & authenticationBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition70

Carnegie MellonEvolution of Internet: Naming Dynamic address assignment Most hosts don't need to have known address Only those functioning as servers DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Local ISP assigns address for temporary use Example: Laptop at CMU (wired connection) IP address 128.2.213.29 (bryant-tp4.cs.cmu.edu) Assigned statically Laptop at home IP address 192.168.1.5 Only valid within home networkBryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition71

Carnegie MellonEvolution of Internet: Corporation XInternet Firewalls Hides organizations nodes from rest of Internet Use local IP addresses within organization For external service, provides proxy service1.2.3.4.Client request: src 10.2.2.2, dest 216.99.99.99Firewall forwards: src 176.3.3.3, dest 216.99.99.99Server responds: src 216.99.99.99, dest 176.3.3.3Firewall forwards response: src 216.99.99.99, dest 10.2.2.2Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Third Edition72

Carnegie Mellon Bryant and O'Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, Third Edition 2 A Client-Server Transaction Most network applications are based on the client-server model: A server process and one or more client processes Server manages some resource Server provides service by manipulating resource for clients Server activated by request from client (vending machine .