WIXLIB

An Overview of Hazardous WasteManagement & Preventionin ThailandWaste and Hazardous SubstanceManagement BureauPollution Control Department1

HWHW DefinitionDefinitionWhat is HW?2

HWHW DefinitionDefinitionUNEP, 1985“hazardous wastes” means wastes [solids,sludges, liquids, and containerized gases] otherthan radioactive wastes which, by reason oftheir chemical activity or toxic, explosive,corrosive, or other characteristics, causedanger or likely will cause danger to health orthe environment, whether alone or whencoming into contact with other wastes.Basel Convention“hazardous wastes” for the purposes of the BaselConvention:(a) Wastes that belong to any category contained inAnnex I,I unless they do not possess any of thecharacteristics contained in Annex III;III and(b) Wastes that are not covered under paragraph (a)but are defined as, or are considered to be, hazardouswastes by the domestic legislation of the Party ofexport, import or transit.3

HWHW DefinitionDefinitionUS EPA A RCRA hazardous waste is a waste thatappears on one of the four hazardous wasteslists (F-list, K-list, P-list, or U-list), orexhibits at least one of four characteristics—ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)The F-list (non-specific source wastes)The K-list (source-specific wastes)The P-list and the U-list (discarded commercialchemical products)4

HWHW DefinitionDefinitionWhat is HW in Thailand?5

Hazardous Waste Definition by Thai LawsWaste TypeKey ardous& NonHazardousWaste)Major laws: Factory Act,1992 (FA), IndustrialEstates Act, 1992 (IEA),Hazardous Substance Act,1992 (HAS)Relevant Laws: NationalEnvironmental Quality Act,1992 (NEQA)-AuthorizesDepartment ofIndustrial WorksMoI-Establishes the EIAsystem applied forindustrial disposalsites and sets Std.MoNREInfectiousWaste(generatedfromhospitals orclinics)Major laws: Public HealthAct ,1992 (PHA),Determining Planning &Staging ofDecentralization Act,1999Relevant Laws: NEQA-Specify LAO mustprovide infectiouswaste collection &handling and properdisposal-Setting Env. Std.MoPH,MoNRE,LAOHazardousWaste (fromcommunityincl. Ewaste)Major laws: --No specific lawsfor ESM mngt.l-Import control forused e-products ande-wastesMoNRE,MoPH,MOI,LAORelevant Laws: HSA6

Industrial HWHazardousHazardous WasteWaste DefinitionDefinition byby LawsLawsThe Notification of the ministry ofindustry on Disposal of wastes orunusable materials B.E. 2548 (2005) HW means wastes that contain orcontaminate with hazardous materials orexhibit the hazardous characteristicsincluding flammable, corrosive, reactive,toxic, or having the specified constituents. HW means wastes listed in the Annex.7

Industrial HWExampleExample ofof HazardousHazardous WastesWastes Spent halogenated solvents: Tetrachoroethylene,Tricholroethylene, Methylene chloride, Spent cyanide plating bath solutions from electroplatingoperations Condensed light ends, spent filters and filter aids, andspent desiccant wastes from the production of certainchlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons Wood preservation: Bottom sediment sludge from thetreatment of wastewaters from wood preservingprocesses that use Creosote and/or Pentachlorophenol Spent filter cartridges from product purification from theproduct of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine from Carboxylic acidhydrazine8

Infectious WasteHazardousHazardous WasteWaste DefinitionDefinition byby LawsLawsRegulation of MOPH B.E. 2545 (2002) Theterm “infectious waste” includes– Body parts or carcasses of human andanimal from surgery, autopsies and research– Sharps, such as needles, blades, syringes,vials, glass wares, slides and cover slides– Discarded materials contaminated withblood, blood components, body fluids fromhumans or animals, or discarded live andattenuated vaccines, such as cotton, othercloths and syringes– Wastes from wards as specified by MOPH9

Infectious WasteExampleExample ofof HazardousHazardous WastesWastesBlade and needle Sources– Hospitals/Clinics– Health care center– Research facilities andlaboratories– Autopsy Centers andMortuaries and injections– Blood Collection FacilitiesInfectious waste10

Household HWUsed Lead Acid BatteriesExampleExample ofof HazardousHazardous WastesWastesDry Cell BatteriesUsed Printer CartridgesFluorescent LampsPainting Spray &Insecticide Containers11

ExampleExample ofof HazardousHazardous WastesWastesWEEE1. Large HomeAppliances2. Small Home 3. IT EquipmentsAppliances5. Lighting Equipments 6. Monitoring& ControlInstruments4. ConsumerProducts7. Electrical &ElectronicTools8. Medical Instruments 9. Electrical & Electronic Toys 10. Automatic DispensersE-O-F Electrical and Electronic Equipments12

Legal obligations onhazardous waste handlingWaste TypeKey LegislationIndustrialWaste(Hazardous &NonHazardousWaste)Major laws: Factory Act1992 (FA), IndustrialEstates Act 1992 (IEA),Hazardous Substance Act1992 (HSA)Relevant Laws:Enhancement andConservation of NationalEnvironmental Quality Act1992 (NEQA)-Empower MOI & IEAT to setup and enforce the criteria &stds for controlling the HWmanagementMajor laws: Public HealthAct 1992 (PHA),Determining Planning andStaging of DecentralizationAct 1999-Specify LAO’s responsibilitiesto provide the proper wastemanagement services includingthe infectious waste andhousehold HW management-Set up emission std. for IWincinerator as a pollution pointsourceInfectiousWaste(generatedfrom hospitalsor clinics)Relevant Laws: NEQARelevance-Establish the EIA systemapplied for high pollutionindustries & central treatmentfacilities as well as empowerMNRE & NEB to set up theambient & emission stds.Authorities-MoI,IEAT-MNRE-MoPH,LAO13-MNRE

Legal obligations onhazardous waste handlingWaste TypeAuthoritiesKey LegislationRelevanceRadioactiveWasteMajor laws: Atomic Energyfor Peace Act 1961Amended in 2008Relevant Laws: --MoST(OAP)LaboratoryWasteMajor laws: Factory Act1992Relevant Laws: --Empower OAP and theNational Committee on AtomicEnergy for Peace to set up andenforce the criteria & stds forcontrolling the nuclear &radiation material as well as theradioactive waste-Empower MoI & IEAT to setup and enforce the criteria &stds for controlling the HWmanagement-Set up the certified system forchemical laboratory includingthe lab waste managementHazardousWaste (fromcommunityincl. e-waste)Major laws: PHA &Decentralization Act forHHW, but no specific lawfor e-wasteRelevant Laws: HAS-As mentioned above-MoPH,LAO-MNRE-MoI 14-Set up the criteria forcontrolling the Import of usede-products and e-wastes-MoI(DIW)

Situation on HW ManagementRecyclableIndustrial HWÐ SolventsÐ Used oilsÐ Used lead acid batteriesÐ Flurescent lampsÐ TV/Computer CRTsÐ Other WEEEs1.405MTHousehold HWProperManage 40%0.403 MTImproperManage 60%PrivatePrivate sectorssectors 7%7%Infectious W.0.02MTDisposalHospitalIncinerators65%LAOLAO 28%28%(Co-disposal(Co-disposal withwithMSWMSW 1.7%1.7% ,, SecuredSecuredlandfilllandfill 7.4%7.4% ,,IncineratorsIncinerators 2.5%2.5% ,,etc.etc. 16.5%)16.5%)15

HWHW SituationSituationCo-disposed with MSWIllegal Dumping16

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HWHW SituationSituationLack of awareness & knowledgeNo appropriate segregation & collection systemPoor facilitiesNo properly disposed18

HWHW SituationSituationIllegal Import19

Treatment & Disposal Collection RecoverySourceTypeFunctionalFunctional ElementsElements ofof WasteWaste PracticesPracticesHazardous WasteIndustrialGenerated HWCommunityGenerated HW &WEEEFormal SectorWaste ExchangeDeposit RefundRecovery UnitPrivate CollectionInfectiousWasteInformal SectorJunk ShopWaste BuyerScavengerMunicipal CollectionProper HW DisposalImproper HW DisposalThermal Disposal / IncinerationIllegal DumpingSecured LandfillDischarge to Sewer/ EnvironmentIntegrated Disposal FacilityCo-disposal with Municipal Waste20

GovernmentGovernment PerspectivePerspective andand PolicyPolicyPrevent Thailandbeing a Waste BinÆillegal traffic of HW /end receiver of waste /2nd hand marketControlPollution fromProduction &ConsumptionSUSTAINABLEPRODUCTION &CONSUMPTIONÆ 3Rs / CT / RoHSPromotethe PrivateSector’s RoleÆGreen supplychain / 3Rs / CT /Eco-designImplement Environmentfriendly WM SystemÆIntegrated WM Center (WTE) /CGHW Center /21

GovernmentGovernment PerspectivePerspective andand PolicyPolicy3. Imported Goods1. Raw Materials(Import anddomestic)2. GoodsProduction10.Waste Recovery4. GoodsDistribution5. GoodsConsumptionWaste Generation-Industrial waste-Municipal solid waste-Community generated hazardous waste-Infectious waste- etc.9. Treatment/Disposal8. SecondarySeparation7. Collection/Transportation6. PrimarySeparation11. Site ClosureIntegrated Waste Management Cycle22

GovernmentGovernment PerspectivePerspective andand PolicyPolicySector 13. Imported Goods1. Raw Materials(Import anddomestic)2. GoodsProduction4. GoodsDistribution10.Waste RecoverySector 4Sector 25. GoodsConsumptionWaste GenerationSector 39. Treatment/Disposal8. SecondarySeparation-Industrial waste-Municipal solid waste-Community generated hazardous waste-Infectious waste- etc.7. Collection/Transportation6. PrimarySeparation11. Site ClosureIntegrated Waste Management Cycle23

Approach to HWMPolicyPolicy drivendriven approachapproach Implement an environment-friendly wastemanagement system Enhance waste disposal capacity of localadministrative authorities Control Pollution from Production &Consumption (e.g. green procurement) Promote the private sector’s role in R& Dfor 3R and CT. Protect the country to become an endreceiver of waste.24

ApproachApproach toto HWMHWM andand ExistingExisting ProgramProgramImplement an environment-friendlywaste management system Setting up the segregation and collectionscheme of HHW: Tax incentive to derive the segregation &collection system of hazardous waste Program on Mobile Phone Batteries Program on Fluorescent Lamps HHW Segregation & Collection System Clustered management of infectious waste25

ApproachApproach toto HWMHWM andand ExistingExisting ProgramProgramTax incentive derived the segregation & collection ofHHW: case study of used lead acid batteriesEnd Users/CustomersBatteryImporterTax reduction 5%If 50% of recyclablelead is usedBatteryManufacturerShops/Service CenterCollectorsLead SmeltersBattery ProductsUsed Battery/Recyclable LeadTheir EMS is extraordinarilyaudited by WG.Other Manufacturing thatUsed Recyclable Lead26

ApproachApproach toto HWMHWM andand ExistingExisting ProgramProgramLead smelting partnership programInitiate the tax incentive program for the environmentallysound recycling of the used lead acid batteries.27

ApproachApproach toto HWMHWM andand ExistingExisting ProgramProgramEstablishHHW CenterZone 21st CenterTargetZone 1: Central & northeastern regionPilot onCollectionZone 1Zone 2 : Northern regionZone 3 : Southern region2005-2006Zone 3-Pilot Project onSegregation and CollectionSystem-Mega project onestablishing the 1st Centerin North-Eastern Region28

Draft Law related to Household HazardousWaste ManagementFinancial Mechanism : FundDraft Law on the Environmental Economic InstrumentsPollution TaxWaterAirOthersProductChargeBatteriesUsed TiresE-wasteOthersOtherInstruments OthersFUND29

ApproachApproach toto HWMHWM andand ExistingExisting ProgramProgramPrinciple of the DraftedProductChargeLawExcise DepartmentTax/Special FeeLocal AdministrationOrganizations,BMA, Pattaya City,MunicipalitiesTake/Buy BackCenter NetworkingRetail/Repair/JunkShops, NGOs,Manufactures,Recyclers, LAOsProducersCustoms DepartmentImportersConsumersBring/Buy Back CentersFundCommittee/OfficeFund forEnhancing theEnvironmentallySoundManagement ofHazardous Wastefrom end-of-lifeproductsHW Recyclers/Disposers30

Current Practices onHHW Managementin Thailand31

Household HW management schemeAwarenessraisingDisposal:secured landfill, ityHHWDrop off orSpecialCollection DayCollection totransfer station32