Transcription
ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
ANNE FRANK BORN Annelies Marie Frank was born to Otto andEdith Frank in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Her sister, Margot, was three years older. Otto Frank worked in his family’s bank, whileEdith took care of the house and theirdaughters.JUNE 12, 1929ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
ADOLF HITLER APPOINTEDCHANCELLOR OF GERMANY German president Paul von Hindenburgappointed Adolf Hitler, the head of theNational Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi)Party, to be chancellor of Germany. In the spring of 1933, Nazi Party supportersattacked Jews on the streets of Germany,boycotted Jewish-owned stores, and burnedbooks. The Frank family lived in Germany. Hitlerwas now the most powerful leader in theircountry.JANUARY 30, 1933ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
FRANK FAMILYMOVES TO AMSTERDAM In summer 1933, worried about the Nazi persecution of German Jews,Otto Frank traveled to Amsterdam. This picture of Edith, Margot, andAnne (who is blurry) was taken earlier that spring. With the help of his brother-in-law, he opened a branch of Opetka, acompany that manufactured products used in making jam. In December, after finding an apartment, Edith and Margot joinedOtto in Amsterdam. Anne stayed with her grandmother until February1934, when she reunited with her family in the Netherlands.DECEMBER 1933ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
REICH CITIZENSHIP LAW The Nuremberg Race Laws set a legaldefinition for which people the Germangovernment considered to be “Jewish.” Under the laws, German Jews lost theircitizenship and were also forbidden fromentering into relationships with non-Jews. The Frank family was exempted fromthese laws since the four of them did notlive in Germany, and they were able tokeep their German citizenship. This chart helped explain the laws toGermans, showing how to track “race”through the religion practiced by anindividual’s ancestors.SEPTEMBER 15, 1935ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
OTTO FRANK REGISTERS FORUS IMMIGRATION VISAS In 1938, Otto Frank traveled to Rotterdam toregister his family to immigrate to the UnitedStates. The United States restricted the number of peopleborn in each country who could immigrate eachyear. The Frank family registered for the Germanwaiting list because they had all been born inGermany. By January 1939, more than 300,000 Germanshad applied for US immigration visas.1938ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
KRISTALLNACHT ATTACKS Nazi supporters launched a coordinated andviolent attack against Jews in the areas controlledby Germany. They burned hundreds of synagogues, destroyedstores and homes owned by Jewish families, andarrested 30,000 Jewish men and boys who werethen imprisoned in concentration camps—including Anne Frank’s uncles, Walter and JuliusHollander.NOVEMBER 9–10, 1938ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
GERMANY INVADES POLAND Nazi Germany invaded Poland. GreatBritain and France, which had analliance with Poland, declared war onGermany. World War II officially began.SEPTEMBER 1, 1939ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
GERMANY INVADESWESTERN EUROPE The German military invaded andoccupied the Netherlands, Belgium, andLuxembourg. They also invaded France,dividing it into Nazi-occupied andNazi-aligned zones. In the attack, German air forcesdestroyed the US consulate inRotterdam, where the Frank family hadregistered for US immigration. Anypaperwork on file for their visas wasdestroyed.MAY 10, 1940ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
FIRST PRISONERS ARRIVE ATAUSCHWITZ The SS opened a large concentration camp called“Auschwitz” near the town of Oświęcim inNazi-occupied Poland. The first prisoners of Auschwitz were German andPolish men (both Christian and Jewish). Most ofthem were imprisoned as political opponents of theNazis. This mugshot shows 18-year-old Zbigniew Matys,a Polish prisoner. He was prisoner number 71.JUNE 14, 1940ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
AMSTERDAM GENERAL STRIKE In response to the arrest and deportation of 427Jewish men, thousands of Amsterdam residentswent on strike. The strike was organized byDutch communists and transportation workers,but it included workers throughout the city andneighboring areas. Nazi-SS authorities postedthis flyer, warning that any strikes ordemonstrations would be dealt with harshly. After two days, the German authorities violentlyended the strike and executed 18 protestors. Itwas the largest protest organized by non-Jewsdemonstrating in support of their Jewishneighbors.FEBRUARY 25–27, 1941ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
FRANK FAMILY SEEKSUS IMMIGRATION AGAIN Anne Frank Fonds, Basel, SwitzerlandANNE FRANK Otto Frank wrote to his college friend, Nathan Straus, Jr,in the United States, asking for help obtaining a USimmigration visa. He wrote, “I am forced to look out foremigration and as far as I can see USA is the onlycountry we could go to.” Before Straus could compile the necessary paperwork,all American consulates in Nazi-occupiedEurope--including in the Netherlands--closed. Otto Frankwrote to Straus, “Bad luck, but cannot be helped. Let ushope that conditions will get more normal again.”APRIL 30, 1941UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
GERMANY INVADESTHE SOVIET UNION Breaking an August 1939 nonaggression pact,Nazi Germany launched a surprise invasion ofthe Soviet Union and the areas occupied by theSoviet Union (including Lithuania, Latvia, andEstonia). Mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen)followed behind the German lines, murderingJews and other victims by shooting them andgassing them in gas vans. Approximately twomillion Jews died this way.JUNE 22, 1941ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
FRANK FAMILY LOSES CITIZENSHIP The “Eleventh Decree to the Law on theCitizenship of the Reich” stated that allGerman Jews living outside of Germanywere no longer citizens of Germany. Although the Frank family had moved toAmsterdam in 1933, the Franks had neverbecome Dutch citizens. After this law, theyofficially became “stateless” and were notlegally citizens of any country.NOVEMBER 25, 1941ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
UNITED STATES ENTERS WORLDWAR II The Japanese military launched asurprise attack on the US Pacific fleet atPearl Harbor, Hawaii. The United States declared war onJapan. On December 11, Nazi Germanydeclared war on the United States. The United States officially enteredWorld War II and joined the Allies.DECEMBER 7, 1941ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
MASS MURDER BEGINSAT CHEŁMNO The SS and Nazi police authorities openedthe Chełmno killing center to murderJews, Poles, Soviet prisoners of war, andRoma in Nazi-occupied Poland. Chełmno was the first stationary facilitywhere the Nazis used poison gas for massmurder. At least 172,000 people weremurdered at Chełmno. These toys were excavated from thegrounds of Chełmno.DECEMBER 8, 1941ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
WANNSEE CONFERENCE German government officials and NaziParty officials held a conference at theWannsee Villa in a suburb of Berlin.They discussed the logistics of the“Final Solution.” The “Final Solution” was a code namefor the mass murder of European Jews. The mass murder of Jews had alreadybegun by the time the conference tookplace. At the Wannsee conference, theNazis discussed how to coordinate theexpansion of the killing.JANUARY 20, 1942ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
OPERATION REINHARD BEGINS “Operation Reinhard” was the codename for the plan to murderapproximately two million Jews in theGeneralgouvernment, orGerman-occupied Poland. They opened three killing centers:Treblinka, Belzec, and Sobibor. At least1.5 million Jews were murdered inthese centers. The Belzec killing centerbegan gassings on this day.MARCH 17, 1942ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
JEWS IN THE NETHERLANDSFORCED TO WEAR STAR OF DAVID Johann Rauter, the head of the SS in theNazi-occupied Netherlands, ordered allJews in the Netherlands to visibly wear a“Jewish star” when in public. Cloth yellow stars, marked with the word“Jood” [meaning “Jew” in Dutch], andmanufactured in the Łódź ghetto inNazi-occupied Poland, were distributed toJewish households.APRIL 29, 1942ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
ANNE BEGINS HER DIARY On Anne Frank’s 13th birthday, shereceived a diary, which she had chosenfrom a shop window as her birthdaypresent. She wrote, “I hope I will be able toconfide everything to you.and I hopeyou will be a great source of comfort andsupport.” Anne Frank HouseJUNE 12, 1942ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
FRANK FAMILYGOES INTO HIDING Anne Frank House, Photographer Cris Toala Olivares On July 5, 1942, Margot Frank received acall-up notice ordering her to report for a“German work camp.” The next morning,after leaving clues that they had escaped toSwitzerland, the Frank family went intohiding in an annex above the Opetkaoffices at 263 Prinsengracht. Otto’s business partner and friendHermann van Pels, along with his wife,Auguste, and son, Peter, joined the Franksone week later. (Anne calls them the vanDaans in her diary.)JULY 6, 1942ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
FRITZ PFEFFER JOINS THE“SECRET ANNEX” Fritz Pfeffer, a dentist (whom Anne calls “AlbertDussel” in her diary) joined the Frank and van Pelsfamilies in hiding. Like Otto, Fritz was a veteran of World War I.Pfeffer had sent his young son to England in 1938for safety and was in a romantic relationship with aCatholic woman, Charlotte Kaletta (pictured withhim here in 1940) whom he was unable to marrybecause of the Nuremberg race laws. Anne shared her room with Pfeffer, while Margotslept in a room with her parents.NOVEMBER 16, 1942ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
ALLIES CONDEMN MASS MURDER News of the “Final Solution” was reportedin American newspapers in late November1942. The United States, Great Britain, SovietUnion, and other Allied governmentsissued a declaration condemning the Nazipolicy of “cold-blooded extermination” andpromised to punish the perpetrators afterthe war.DECEMBER 17, 1942ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
GERMANS DEFEATED ATSTALINGRAD The German military surrendered afterbattling for seven months to capture theSoviet city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd). The Soviet victory at the battle of Stalingradmarked a turning point in World War II.Soviet forces began to push the Germanmilitary back.FEBRUARY 2, 1943ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
WARSAW GHETTO UPRISINGBEGINS In summer 1942, Nazi authorities deportedapproximately 300,000 Jews from theWarsaw Ghetto and murdered them in theTreblinka killing center. When German troops entered the ghetto todeport the remaining Jews, armed Jewishresistance fighters attacked. The Nazisgreatly outnumbered them. Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto fought for nearlya month using makeshift weapons beforethey were defeated by the Nazis.APRIL 19, 1943ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
SOBIBOR UPRISING Prisoners at the Sobibor killing centerlaunched an uprising, killing a dozen Germanand Ukrainian guards. Three hundred prisoners escaped the camp;58 of them, including these men, survivedthe Holocaust. Nazi officials closed Sobibor, the final“Operation Reinhard” camp to close.OCTOBER 14, 1943ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
FDR CREATES WAR REFUGEE BOARD In response to pressure from Congress,from the public, and from inside thegovernment, President Franklin DelanoRoosevelt created a new governmentagency, the War Refugee Board, to try torescue European Jews. This agency streamlined humanitarian aid,helped Jews escape Nazi territory, andsaved tens of thousands of lives. By the time the War Refugee Board wascreated, approximately 5 million Jews hadalready been murdered.JANUARY 22, 1944ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
GERMANY OCCUPIES HUNGARY Nazi Germany invaded and occupiedHungary to prevent the country fromleaving the Axis and joining the Allies. Hungary had the largest Jewish populationremaining in Europe. Within two months ofthe invasion, Nazi authorities andHungarian police began deportingapproximately 440,000 Hungarian Jews toAuschwitz-Birkenau. This photograph shows a transport ofHungarian Jews arriving at Birkenau inMay 1944.MARCH 19, 1944ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
ANNE BEGINS TOREWRITE HER DIARIES Anne Frank HouseANNE FRANKAfter hearing on the radio that theDutch government hoped to collectdiaries and recollections of peopleliving in the Netherlands during thewar, Anne began rewriting her diaries.She went back to the beginning andrewrote entries, adding additionaldetails and context in case her diarywas ever read by others.MARCH 29, 1944UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
D-DAY INVASION American, British, and Canadiannaval and air forces invaded thebeaches of Normandy, France. The opening of the long-awaited“second front” put tremendousmilitary pressure on Nazi Germanyand gave a psychological boost tothe Allies. Anne wrote in her diary, “A hugecommotion in the Annex! Is thisreally the beginning of thelong-awaited liberation? Will thisyear, 1944, bring us victory?”JUNE 6, 1944ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
THE ANNEX IS DISCOVERED In late morning, Dutch police entered the “SecretAnnex” and arrested the Frank family, the van Pelsfamily, and Fritz Pfeffer, as well as JohannesKleiman and Victor Kugler, who worked at Opetkaand had been helping to hide the residents. Historians do not know whether the residents werebetrayed by someone who learned they werehiding above the offices, or if the residents werediscovered accidentally while the police werelooking for other illegal activity in the Opetkaoffices. The Opetka building, where the SecretAnnex was located, is seen in the middle in this1947 photo.AUGUST 4, 1944Collection MAI/ Amsterdam/ photographer: Carel BlazerANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
ANNEX RESIDENTSSENT TO WESTERBORK After several days in police custody inAmsterdam, the eight residents of the“Secret Annex” were deported by train toWesterbork, a large transit camp in theNetherlands. There, they were placed in apunishment barrack, since they hadparticipated in a criminal act (going intohiding.) Anne, Margot, and Edith were kepttogether and forced to work repurposingcomponents of batteries. This photo of aWesterbork barrack was taken in 1941.AUGUST 8, 1944ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
ANNEX RESIDENTSDEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ More than 1,000 Westerbork prisoners weredeported to Auschwitz by train. After ajourney of three days and nights, theyarrived at Auschwitz-Birkenau, aconcentration camp and killing center inNazi-occupied Poland. All of the “Annex” residents survived theinitial selection, but the men were separatedfrom the women. Otto Frank never saw hiswife or daughters again.SEPTEMBER 3, 1944ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
ANNE AND MARGOT FRANKTRANSFERRED TO BERGEN-BELSEN After several months at Auschwitz, Anneand Margot Frank were separated fromtheir mother and transferred by train tothe Bergen-Belsen concentration camp innortheast Germany. The camp was soon overcrowded, and thesisters first slept in a tent before beingassigned to an overcrowded barracks.This photo of a barrack at Bergen-Belsenwas taken after liberation.NOVEMBER 3, 1944ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
HERMANN VAN PELSMURDERED AT AUSCHWITZ After injuring his thumb, Hermann vanPels asked permission from the SS to workindoors while he recovered. During aselection, camp guards decided he wasunable to work and sent him to the gaschambers, where he was murdered. He was46 years old. His date of death is unknown. Peter van Pels and Otto Frank survived theselection; Otto tried to care for Peter afterhis father’s death.OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1944ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
AUSCHWITZ REPORTIN US NEWSPAPERS American newspapers nationwide publishedarticles about Auschwitz-Birkenau, like thisMiami News article. The articles included graphicdetails of the process of the arrival, selection, andgassing of prisoners. The information stemmed from a report writtenby two prisoners who had escaped Auschwitz inApril 1944.Miami (FL) News, courtesy of newspapers.com In response, the Washington Post printed aneditorial titled “Genocide.” It was the first timethis new word was used in an American paper.NOVEMBER 26, 1944ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
FRITZ PFEFFERDIES AT NEUENGAMME In early October 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was transferredfrom Auschwitz along with a group of otherdoctors and dentists. They were sent to theNeuengamme concentration camp in northernGermany. He died at Neuengamme of disease andexhaustion at age 55.DECEMBER 20, 1944ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
EDITH FRANK DIES AT AUSCHWITZ After the residents of the “Secret Annex”were deported to Auschwitz, Edith Franktried to care for her daughters. Survivorsremember Edith sharing her own smallamount of bread. After they were separated and Margot andAnne were transferred to Bergen-Belsen,Edith was alone. She died of starvation anddisease in the sick barracks at Auschwitz inearly January 1945. She was 44 years old.EARLY JANUARY 1945ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
AUSCHWITZ EVACUATED With Soviet troops approachingAuschwitz, the SS evacuated morethan 60,000 prisoners, includingAuguste and Peter van Pels, on footin the freezing cold and in open traincars,.JANUARY 18, 1945ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
SOVIET TROOPS LIBERATEAUSCHWITZ Soviet troops liberated Auschwitz andfound 6,000 sick and starving prisoners,including children, who had been leftbehind. Otto Frank, who had been too ill toevacuate the camp, was among theprisoners liberated. Auschwitz was the last operating Nazikilling center.JANUARY 27, 1945ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
MARGOT AND ANNE FRANK DIE ATBERGEN-BELSEN A typhus epidemic swept throughBergen-Belsen. The camp had beenbuilt to house only a few thousandprisoners but by early 1945, it heldmore than 60,000. Margot died of the disease in lateFebruary 1945. She was 19 years old. Anne died several days later at age 15.They were buried in a mass grave.LATE FEBRUARY 1945ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
AUGUSTE VAN PELSMURDERED AT THERESIENSTADT When Auschwitz was evacuated, Auguste vanPels was sent on foot and by open train car to theBuchenwald concentration camp. Several weeks later, she was sent on the finaltransport out of Buchenwald to the Theresienstadtcamp. Auguste van Pels was murdered as soon asshe arrived. She was 44 years old.APRIL 1945ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
BERGEN-BELSEN LIBERATED British and Canadian forces liberatedthe Bergen-Belsen concentrationcamp, discovering tens of thousandsof sick and dying prisoners. To stop the typhus epidemic, theAllies disinfected the survivors andburned all of the barracks.APRIL 15, 1945ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
GERMAN FORCES SURRENDER German officials unconditionallysurrendered. The next day (May 8), as the war inEurope formally ended, the Alliescelebrated “V-E Day” (Victory inEurope). Japan surrendered in August 1945,officially ending World War II.MAY 7, 1945ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
PETER VAN PELSDIES AT MAUTHAUSEN Peter van Pels was evacuated fromAuschwitz on foot and open train car inJanuary 1945. He was transferred to severalcamps in the spring of 1945, and he survivedlong enough to be liberated from theMauthausen concentration camp byAmerican soldiers. He died of disease severaldays after liberation. He was 18 years old.MAY 10, 1945ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
OTTO FRANK RECEIVES ANNE’SDIARY After physically recovering from hisexperiences at Auschwitz, Otto Frankreturned to Amsterdam and reunited withthe Opetka staff. This photo shows Ottoin 1945 with the “helpers” who hadassisted the “Secret Annex” residents. Miep Gies, seated on the far left of thisphoto, had rescued Anne’s diary after thefamily’s arrest, and gave Otto Frank thepages. Otto resisted reading hisdaughter’s diary until it became clear thatAnne had not survived the Holocaust.SUMMER 1945ANNE FRANKUNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
HET ACHTERHUIS PUBLISHED Anne Frank HouseANNE FRANK Just over five years after Anne began writing herdiary, Het Achterhuis was published in theNetherlands. It was published in French andGerman in 1950 and in English in 1952. Since 1947, Anne Frank’s diary has beenpublished in more than 70 languages.SUMMER 1947UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
ANNE FRANK BORN Annelies Marie Frank was born to Otto and Edith Frank in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Her sister, Margot, was three years older. Otto Frank worked in his family's bank, while Edith took care of the house and their daughters.
