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5Questions 18–23There are exactly three recycling centers in Rivertown:Center 1, Center 2, and Center 3. Exactly five kinds ofmaterial are recycled at these recycling centers: glass,newsprint, plastic, tin, and wood. Each recycling centerrecycles at least two but no more than three of these kinds ofmaterial. The following conditions must hold:Any recycling center that recycles wood also recyclesnewsprint.Every kind of material that Center 2 recycles is alsorecycled at Center 1.Only one of the recycling centers recycles plastic, and thatrecycling center does not recycle glass.18. Which one of the following could be an accurate accountof all the kinds of material recycled at each recyclingcenter in Rivertown?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)Center 1: newsprint, plastic, wood; Center 2:newsprint, wood; Center 3: glass, tin, woodCenter 1: glass, newsprint, tin; Center 2: glass,newsprint, tin; Center 3: newsprint, plastic,woodCenter 1: glass, newsprint, wood; Center 2: glass,newsprint, tin; Center 3: plastic, tinCenter 1: glass, plastic, tin; Center 2: glass, tin;Center 3: newsprint, woodCenter 1: newsprint, plastic, wood; Center 2:newsprint, plastic, wood; Center 3: glass,newsprint, tin19. Which one of the following is a complete and accuratelist of the recycling centers in Rivertown any one ofwhich could recycle ter1 only3 only1, Center 21, Center 31, Center 2, Center 320. If Center 2 recycles three kinds of material, then whichone of the following kinds of material must Center od21. If each recycling center in Rivertown recycles exactlythree kinds of material, then which one of the followingcould be . If Center 3 recycles glass, then which one of thefollowing kinds of material must Center 2 d23. If Center 1 is the only recycling center that recycleswood, then which one of the following could be acomplete and accurate list of the kinds of material thatone of the recycling centers recycles?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)plastic, tinnewsprint, woodnewsprint, tinglass, woodglass, tinS T O PIF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY.DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.

6SECTION IITime—35 minutes25 QuestionsDirections: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For somequestions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; thatis, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer,blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.1. Economist: Every business strives to increase itsproductivity, for this increases profits for theowners and the likelihood that the business willsurvive. But not all efforts to increaseproductivity are beneficial to the business as awhole. Often, attempts to increase productivitydecrease the number of employees, which clearlyharms the dismissed employees as well as thesense of security of the retained employees.2. All Labrador retrievers bark a great deal. All SaintBernards bark infrequently. Each of Rosa’s dogs is across between a Labrador retriever and a Saint Bernard.Therefore, Rosa’s dogs are moderate barkers.Which one of the following uses flawed reasoning thatmost closely resembles the flawed reasoning used inthe argument above?(A)Which one of the following most accurately expressesthe main conclusion of the economist’s argument?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)If an action taken to secure the survival of abusiness fails to enhance the welfare of thebusiness’s employees, that action cannot begood for the business as a whole.Some measures taken by a business to increaseproductivity fail to be beneficial to the businessas a whole.Only if the employees of a business are also itsowners will the interests of the employees andowners coincide, enabling measures that willbe beneficial to the business as a whole.There is no business that does not make effortsto increase its productivity.Decreasing the number of employees in abusiness undermines the sense of security ofretained employees.(B)(C)(D)(E)All students who study diligently make goodgrades. But some students who do not studydiligently also make good grades. Jane studiessomewhat diligently. Therefore, Jane makessomewhat good grades.All type A chemicals are extremely toxic tohuman beings. All type B chemicals arenontoxic to human beings. This householdcleaner is a mixture of a type A chemical anda type B chemical. Therefore, this householdcleaner is moderately toxic.All students at Hanson School live in GreenCounty. All students at Edwards School live inWinn County. Members of the Perry familyattend both Hanson and Edwards. Therefore,some members of the Perry family live inGreen County and some live in Winn County.All transcriptionists know shorthand. Allengineers know calculus. Bob has worked bothas a transcriptionist and as an engineer.Therefore, Bob knows both shorthand andcalculus.All of Kenisha’s dresses are very well made.All of Connie’s dresses are very badly made.Half of the dresses in this closet are very wellmade, and half of them are very badly made.Therefore, half of the dresses in this closet areKenisha’s and half of them are Connie’s.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

73. A century in certain ways is like a life, and as the endof a century approaches, people behave toward thatcentury much as someone who is nearing the end oflife does toward that life. So just as people in their lastyears spend much time looking back on the events oftheir life, people at a century’s end .Which one of the following most logically completesthe argument?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)reminisce about their own livesfear that their own lives are about to endfocus on what the next century will bringbecome very interested in the history of thecentury just endingreflect on how certain unfortunate events of thecentury could have been avoided4. Consumer: The latest Connorly Report suggests thatOcksenfrey prepackaged meals are virtuallydevoid of nutritional value. But the ConnorlyReport is commissioned by Danto Foods,Ocksenfrey’s largest corporate rival, and earlydrafts of the report are submitted for approval toDanto Foods’ public relations department.Because of the obvious bias of this report, it isclear that Ocksenfrey’s prepackaged meals reallyare nutritious.The reasoning in the consumer’s argument is mostvulnerable to criticism on the grounds that theargument(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)treats evidence that there is an apparent bias asevidence that the Connorly Report’s claims arefalsedraws a conclusion based solely on anunrepresentative sample of Ocksenfrey’sproductsfails to take into account the possibility thatOcksenfrey has just as much motivation tocreate negative publicity for Danto as Dantohas to create negative publicity for Ocksenfreyfails to provide evidence that Danto Foods’prepackaged meals are not more nutritious thanOcksenfrey’s arepresumes, without providing justification, thatDanto Foods’ public relations departmentwould not approve a draft of a report that washostile to Danto Foods’ products5. Scientist: Earth’s average annual temperature hasincreased by about 0.5 degrees Celsius over thelast century. This warming is primarily the resultof the buildup of minor gases in the atmosphere,blocking the outward flow of heat from theplanet.Which one of the following, if true, would count asevidence against the scientist’s explanation of Earth’swarming?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)Only some of the minor gases whose presencein the atmosphere allegedly resulted in thephenomenon described by the scientist wereproduced by industrial pollution.Most of the warming occurred before 1940,while most of the buildup of minor gases inthe atmosphere occurred after 1940.Over the last century, Earth received slightlymore solar radiation in certain years than it didin others.Volcanic dust and other particles in theatmosphere reflect much of the Sun’s radiationback into space before it can reach Earth’ssurface.The accumulation of minor gases in theatmosphere has been greater over the lastcentury than at any other time in Earth’shistory.6. An undergraduate degree is necessary for appointmentto the executive board. Further, no one with a felonyconviction can be appointed to the board. Thus,Murray, an accountant with both a bachelor’s and amaster’s degree, cannot be accepted for the position ofExecutive Administrator, since he has a felonyconviction.The argument’s conclusion follows logically if whichone of the following is assumed?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)Anyone with a master’s degree and without afelony conviction is eligible for appointment tothe executive board.Only candidates eligible for appointment to theexecutive board can be accepted for theposition of Executive Administrator.An undergraduate degree is not necessary foracceptance for the position of ExecutiveAdministrator.If Murray did not have a felony conviction, hewould be accepted for the position ofExecutive Administrator.The felony charge on which Murray wasconvicted is relevant to the duties of theposition of Executive Administrator.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

87. Ethicist: The most advanced kind of moral motivationis based solely on abstract principles. This formof motivation is in contrast with calculated selfinterest or the desire to adhere to societal normsand conventions.The actions of which one of the following individualsexhibit the most advanced kind of moral motivation, asdescribed by the ethicist?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)Bobby contributed money to a local charityduring a charity drive at work because heworried that not doing so would make himlook stingy.Wes contributed money to a local charity duringa charity drive at work because he believedthat doing so would improve his employer’sopinion of him.Donna’s employers engaged in an illegal butprofitable practice that caused serious damageto the environment. Donna did not report thispractice to the authorities, out of fear that heremployers would retaliate against her.Jadine’s employers engaged in an illegal butprofitable practice that caused serious damageto the environment. Jadine reported thispractice to the authorities out of a belief thatprotecting the environment is always moreimportant than monetary profit.Leigh’s employers engaged in an illegal butprofitable practice that caused serious damageto the environment. Leigh reported this practiceto the authorities only because severalcolleagues had been pressuring her to do so.9. Although video game sales have increased steadily overthe past 3 years, we can expect a reversal of this trendin the very near future. Historically, over three quartersof video games sold have been purchased by peoplefrom 13 to 16 years of age, and the number of peoplein this age group is expected to decline steadily overthe next 10 years.Which one of the following, if true, would mostseriously weaken the argument?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)10. Double-blind techniques should be used wheneverpossible in scientific experiments. They help preventthe misinterpretations that often arise due toexpectations and opinions that scientists already hold,and clearly scientists should be extremely diligent intrying to avoid such misinterpretations.Which one of the following most accurately expressesthe main conclusion of the argument?(A)8. Proponents of the electric car maintain that when thetechnical problems associated with its battery designare solved, such cars will be widely used and, becausethey are emission-free, will result in an abatement ofthe environmental degradation caused by autoemissions. But unless we dam more rivers, theelectricity to charge these batteries will come fromnuclear or coal-fired power plants. Each of these threepower sources produces considerable environmentaldamage. Thus, the electric car .(B)(C)(D)Which one of the following most logically completesthe argument?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)will have worse environmental consequencesthan its proponents may believewill probably remain less popular than othertypes of carsrequires that purely technical problems besolved before it can succeedwill increase the total level of emissions ratherthan reduce itwill not produce a net reduction inenvironmental degradationMost people 17 years old or older have neverpurchased a video game.Video game rentals have declined over the past3 years.New technology will undoubtedly make entirelynew entertainment options available over thenext 10 years.The number of different types of video gamesavailable is unlikely to decrease in the nearfuture.Most of the people who have purchased videogames over the past 3 years are over the ageof 16.(E)Scientists’ objectivity may be impeded byinterpreting experimental evidence on the basisof expectations and opinions that they alreadyhold.It is advisable for scientists to use double-blindtechniques in as high a proportion of theirexperiments as they can.Scientists sometimes neglect to adequatelyconsider the risk of misinterpreting evidence onthe basis of prior expectations and opinions.Whenever possible, scientists should refrainfrom interpreting evidence on the basis ofpreviously formed expectations andconvictions.Double-blind experimental techniques are oftenan effective way of ensuring scientificobjectivity.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

911. It is now a common complaint that the electronicmedia have corroded the intellectual skills required andfostered by the literary media. But several centuriesago the complaint was that certain intellectual skills,such as the powerful memory and extemporaneouseloquence that were intrinsic to oral culture, were beingdestroyed by the spread of literacy. So, what awaits usis probably a mere alteration of the human mind ratherthan its devolution.The reference to the complaint of several centuries agothat powerful memory and extemporaneous eloquencewere being destroyed plays which one of the followingroles in the argument?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)evidence supporting the claim that theintellectual skills fostered by the literary mediaare being destroyed by the electronic mediaan illustration of the general hypothesis beingadvanced that intellectual abilities areinseparable from the means by which peoplecommunicatean example of a cultural change that did notnecessarily have a detrimental effect on thehuman mind overallevidence that the claim that the intellectualskills required and fostered by the literarymedia are being lost is unwarrantedpossible evidence, mentioned and thendismissed, that might be cited by supporters ofthe hypothesis being criticized12. Suppose I have promised to keep a confidence andsomeone asks me a question that I cannot answertruthfully without thereby breaking the promise.Obviously, I cannot both keep and break the samepromise. Therefore, one cannot be obliged both toanswer all questions truthfully and to keep allpromises.Which one of the following arguments is most similarin its reasoning to the argument above?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)It is claimed that we have the unencumberedright to say whatever we want. It is alsoclaimed that we have the obligation to be civilto others. But civility requires that we notalways say what we want. So, it cannot be trueboth that we have the unencumbered right tosay whatever we want and that we have theduty to be civil.Some politicians could attain popularity withvoters only by making extravagant promises;this, however, would deceive the people. So,since the only way for some politicians to bepopular is to deceive, and any politician needsto be popular, it follows that some politiciansmust deceive.If we put a lot of effort into making this reportlook good, the client might think we did sobecause we believed our proposal would notstand on its own merits. On the other hand, ifwe do not try to make the report look good,the client might think we are not serious abouther business. So, whatever we do, we risk hercriticism.If creditors have legitimate claims against abusiness and the business has the resources topay those debts, then the business is obliged topay them. Also, if a business has obligations topay debts, then a court will force it to paythem. But the courts did not force this businessto pay its debts, so either the creditors did nothave legitimate claims or the business did nothave sufficient resources.If we extend our business hours, we will eitherhave to hire new employees or have existingemployees work overtime. But both newemployees and additional overtime woulddramatically increase our labor costs. Wecannot afford to increase labor costs, so wewill have to keep our business hours as theystand.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

1013. Standard aluminum soft-drink cans do not vary in theamount of aluminum that they contain. Fifty percent ofthe aluminum contained in a certain group (M) ofstandard aluminum soft-drink cans was recycled fromanother group (L) of used, standard aluminum softdrink cans. Since all the cans in L were recycled intocans in M and since the amount of material other thanaluminum in an aluminum can is negligible, it followsthat M contains twice as many cans as L.The conclusion of the argument follows logically ifwhich one of the following is assumed?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)The aluminum in the cans of M cannot berecycled further.Recycled aluminum is of poorer quality thanunrecycled aluminum.All of the aluminum in an aluminum can isrecovered when the can is recycled.None of the soft-drink cans in group L had beenmade from recycled aluminum.Aluminum soft-drink cans are more easilyrecycled than are soft-drink cans made fromother materials.14. A cup of raw milk, after being heated in a microwaveoven to 50 degrees Celsius, contains half its initialconcentration of a particular enzyme, lysozyme. If,however, the milk reaches that temperature throughexposure to a conventional heat source of 50 degreesCelsius, it will contain nearly all of its initialconcentration of the enzyme. Therefore, what destroysthe enzyme is not heat but microwaves, which generateheat.Which one of the following, if true, most seriouslyweakens the argument?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)Heating raw milk in a microwave oven to atemperature of 100 degrees Celsius destroysnearly all of the lysozyme initially present inth

actual disclosed LSAT administered in June 2007 as well as the writing sample topic. However, it does not contain the extra, variable section that is used to pretest new test items of one of the three multiple-choice question types. The three multiple-choice question types may be in a diff