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Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)Unit A: Scientific Method1. Define the following terms: Variable: a variable is any factor that can be controlled, changed, or measured in an experiment. Dependent Variable: The dependent variable is the variable that you measure or observe. Independent Variable: The independent variable is the one condition that you change in anexperiment. Controlled Variable: The controlled variable is the variable that does not change during anexperiment. Hypothesis: an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation Inference: the act or process of reaching a conclusion or opinion about something from knownfacts or evidence Observation: an act or instance of noticing or perceiving something using your five senses Prediction: The act of making an educated guess as to the outcome of a situation. Data: Facts collected from an experiment.2. The steps Scientists use to solve a problem is called theScientific Method .3. List each of the steps of the scientific method.Ask a Question .**Research then, Formulate a Hypothesis .Design anExperiment .Analyze theData .Draw a Conclusion .Sharethe Results4. What is the difference between an observation and an inference in science class?An observation is when you use your "five senses" to determine - how something smells, looks, tastes,sounds, or feels. Where as an inference is something that you assume based on previous knowledge such as, you would infer that a bug with wings will fly because you have seen other bugs with wings fly,even if you haven't seen that particular one fly.Read the following sentences and circle the letter of the word that best fills each blank:The5method is a process that scientists use to help them test new ideas. The first step in theprocess is defining the6. Next, information must be gathered using one or more of the five7.The scientist then makes an educated guess or a(n)8. This is tested by performing oneor more activities called9. Observations are made and recorded. The recorded observations
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)are known as10. Afterward, the scientist comes to a11that either supports or doesnot support the hypothesis. When a hypothesis is tested many times and supported by data, it becomesknown as12.5. blank 5variablescientificcontrolbiological6. blank 6conclusiondataexperimentquestion7. blank 7sensescontrolssolutionssolvents8. blank 8variablefactorhypothesisconclusion9. blank 9theoriesexperimentspropertiesnone of the above10. blank 10datahypothesesstructuresexpressions11. blank 11meetingconsiderationlaboratoryconclusion12. blank 12solventcontroldeductiontheory13. What does it mean to ask a TESTABLE question?It's basically a hypothesis. You have to be able to disprove it. For example, "Is the sky blue?" is not atestable question because there's no way to disprove it. "Are all dogs allergic to chocolate?" is atestable question because you could conceivably set up an experiment to demonstrate that some dogsare not.14. How should our hypotheses be written in this class?In the form of “ If , then . “15. What does it mean to make sure an experiment is CONTROLLED?Controlled experiment is one in which there is strict control exercised on variables, with typically one ormore variables being changed or “manipulated” while all other variables are held constant or the sameacross experiments.16. What’s wrong with the following procedure step? “Put sugar in the vase of the flowers.”We don’t know how much sugar to put in the vase. What are we testing? Do we have a control? Arewe testing different amounts?
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)Unit B: Study Guide Matter, Properties, and Change1. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.a. Examples will vary but could include: desk (solid), whiteboard cleaner (liquid), oxygen in the air(gas)2. Atoms3. Drawing of an atom below4. element, elementa. Three examples could include but are not limited to: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen5. The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of theiratomic number (number of protons in the nucleus).6.Atomic number: 18Atomic mass: 39.95Element Symbol: ArElement Name: ArgonNumber of Protons: 18Number of Neutrons: 21.957. Answers will vary but could include:Physical PropertiesPhysical ChangesChemical PropertiesChemical Changes1. color, smell1. crumpling a sheet ofpaper / chopping wood1. flammability1. burning wood / rottingbananas / cooking anegg2. freezing/boiling/melting point2. melting an ice cube /boiling water2. rust2. digesting food in yourstomach3. density3. crushing a can/breaking a bottle3. acidity / reactivity3. milk going sour /explosion of fireworks8. Solubility, solute, solventa. a solute’s solubility depends on the chemical nature of the solventb. another important factor that influences solubility is the temperature of the systemc. the most common solvent is water9. Density: a property that describes the relationship between mass and volumea. Density mass/volumeD m/v10. Container 1: solid; Container 2: gas; Container 3: liquid11. solid, solid, solids, vibrate, solid, liquid12. liquids, liquids, liquid, solid, liquid, liquid, gas13. gases, gases, gas14. heat, increased, decreased, solid, liquid, gas
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)15. Label each of the following transformations:1.2.3.4.Solid Liquid MeltingLiquid Solid FreezingLiquid Gas EvaporationGas Liquid Condensation
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)Unit C: Energy Conservation and Transfer1.A. thermallyB. mechanicallyC. electricallyD. electromagnetic2. thermal, heat, warm, cooler, conduction, convection, radiation, conduction, convection3. Draw a picture which illustrates the three ways of heat transfer in matter.Student pictures may vary4. conductors, insulatorsDraw an illustration of each below.Student drawings may vary.conductorinsulator5. conductors, conductor, insulator, conductors, insulatorsDraw an illustration of each below.
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)Student drawings may vary.6. electromagneticStudent drawings may vary.AbsorptionTransmissionRefractionReflection7. Identify the 2 parts of this spectrum.Make sure that students know the entire spectrum is called the Electromagnetic spectrum and then that a smallpart of it is visible light. Need to know the functions of the other parts i.e. infrared rays deal with heat, ultravioletalso called UV rays come from the sun, etc.visible, electromagnetic, infrared, ultraviolet
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)Unit D: Waves1. All waves transmit energy not matter. Nearly all waves travel through matter. Waves are created when asource (force) creates a vibration. Provide 3 examples of waves.Answers will vary but can include: Light, Sound, Seismic, Transverse, LongitudinalThere are 2 main types of waves. Below you will see examples of both. You will need to be able to identifythese and label their parts.2. Draw your own example of a transverse wave. Be sure to sure to identify the basic characteristics:trough, crest, amplitude, and wavelength.See above3. Draw your own example of a longitudinal (compressional) wave. Be sure to identify the basiccharacteristics: wavelength, rarefaction, and compressionSee above4. Light travels in transverse waves. Something can be "seen" when light waves are emitted or reflected.Human eyes respond to only a narrow range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. Differences ofwavelength within that range are perceived as different colors of light.
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)8. Sound travels in longitudinal waves. Something can be "heard" when waves enter the ear. Sound is aform of energy that is caused when vibrating materials produce waves that move through matter. These waveshave different characteristics such as frequency and amplitude, which will determine the properties of soundsuch as pitch and loudness. Provide a brief definition for each of the characteristics and properties ofsound.Property/ CharacteristicDefinition1. FrequencyThe number of waves that occur in a givenamount of time2. AmplitudeThe height of a wave3. PitchHow high or low a sound seems based on itsfrequency4. LoudnessHow loud or soft a sound seems and isdetermined by its amplitude9. The form of the human ear can receive sound waves as vibrations and convert them to signals that areprocessed by the brain. Identify the order in which sound travels through the ear.1) Ear Canal 2) Eardrum 3) Ossicles4) Cochlea
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)Unit E: Rock Cycle/Soil Formation/Soil Conservation1.2. List the 5 components that soil is mixture of:1. rock particles2. minerals3. decayed organic matter4. water5. air3. The composition and texture of soil and its fertility and resistance to erosion are greatly influenced by plantroots and debris, bacteria, fungi, worms, insects, rodents, and other organisms. Which of the followinglisted adds air and breaks down organic matter in soil? Worms4. Different soils have many properties such as texture, particle size, pH, fertility and ability to holdmoisture. Soil particle size affects a soil’s ability to hold moisture. Sand has the largest particle size andallows water to drain at a fast pace. Silt has a medium particle size and drains water at a steady rate. Clayhas the smallest size and drains slowly. Humus creates a loose structure that simultaneously holds moistureand drains well. What conclusion can you make about particle size and the ability to hold moisture?The smaller the particle size, the less ability soil has to drain. The larger the particle size, thebetter the ability soil has to drain.5. What type of soil has equal parts of sand, silt, and clay? Loam6. Technology, such as remote sensing, has allowed humans to better study the human impact on soil qualityand erosional processes so that the soil can be protected and preserved. Over time, remote sensinginformation can tell us how humans are constantly changing the surface of the Earth and what impact thesechanges are likely to produce.7. How does crop rotation impact the soil?Crop rotation helps improve soil fertility.Unit E: Earth's Layer/Plates1. Use the following diagram to label the layers of the Earth:A.B.C.D.CrustMantleOuter CoreInner Core2. The Earth has a solid inner core that is surrounded by a liquid outer core. The inner core is contains bothiron metal and nickel . The mantle surrounds the core and is thick, hot and convective. The crust consists of
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)many continental and oceanic plates that have slowly moved and changed positions over time. Scientistscall Earth’s crust and upper mantle the lithosphere.3. What type of heat transfer takes place in the mantle to allow tectonic plates to move? Convection4. Tectonic Plate movement led to the breaking apart of what supercontinent? Pangaea5. Illustrate the following tectonic plate movements. Use arrows to show what direction the plates are moving.Plate SubductionDivergent PlatesConvergent Plates (Colliding)Transform Plate Boundary (Sliding)6. Give an example of a type of geological event that can occur at each of the following plate boundaries:Plate Subduction: When a plate subducts, an oceanic trench is formed which allows volcanicarcsto form (such as the Ring of Fire).Convergent Plates: Convergent plates cause mountains to form.Divergent Plates: Divergent plates allow oceanic rifts and ridges to form.Transform Plates: At Transform Plate Boundaries, earthquakes occur.7. You will need to know that during an earthquake, energy is released into the Earth as Body and SurfaceWaves. What is the difference between how body and surface waves travel on Earth?Body Waves travel through the Earth and Surface Waves travel along Earth’s surface.
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)**Primary AND Secondary Waves are both considered Body Waves. Primary Waves can travel throughsolids and liquids, while Secondary Waves travel through solids.Match the following type of wave with its description:Primary WavesWaves that are the slowest, largest, and causethe most destructionSecondary WavesWaves that travel the fastest and cause rockmaterial to move back and forthSurface WavesWaves cause rock particles to vibrate at rightangles8. Label the following diagram of an earthquake:Structures directly closest to the epicenter would have the mostdamage.What is a fault?A fault is a break in rock along which the ground hasmoved on either side.
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)Unit F: Structures & Functions of Flowering Plants & Plant Processes1.Part of the FlowerFunction1. Petalsleaf like, usually colorful structures arrangedin a circle around the top of a flower stemused to attract pollinators2. AntherAt the tip of the stamen is the anther. Theanther produces pollen needed infertilization.3. FilamentA long stalk that helps to support the anther,The filament is responsible for getting thepollen bearing anther as close to the topof the pistil as possible.4. SepalSepals are leaves that encase the developingflower. May be either green or leaf like5. OvaryThe bottom portion of the pistil enlarges toform the ovary, a structure with one ormore ovules, each containing one egg.When fertilization occurs the ovary growsinto the fruit or vegetable.6. StigmaAt the tip of the pistil is the stigma. Thestigma plays a pivotal role inreproduction. Its responsibility is tocollect the pollen so that reproduction canoccur.7. Styleis the stalk that supports the stigma andconnects it to the ovary. One majorfunction of the style is to assist withfertilization by being the location wherepollen tubes travel to deliver pollen to theegg8. OvuleThe egg of the plant, which will become thenew seed once fertilization occurs2.PhotosynthesisCellular RespirationFood is created.Food is broken down.Water is used.Water is created.Carbon dioxide is used.Carbon dioxide is created.Oxygen is created.Oxygen is used.
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)Produces Oxygen and Glucose.Produces Energy (ATP) , Carbon Dioxide, andWater.Energy from the Sun helps to create glucose.The glucose is then broken down and released asEnergy (ATP)Happens only in plants, in the presence ofchlorophyll.Occurs in all living things.3. Transpiration4. Dormancy5. Tropism; Positive; Negative; answers will vary but can include the following:Positive- plants growing towards light, plants growing towards a water source, plants growing with gravity(example- roots), plants growing towards touch/pressureNegative- plants growing against gravity (example- stems)
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)Unit G: Ecosystems1.2.Ecosystem; producers; consumers; 1) sun 2) producers 3) consumers 4) decomposersFood Chains; An example is provided below3. A food web consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem. Each living thing in an ecosystem is partof multiple food chains. Each food chain is one possible path that energy and nutrients may take as they movethrough the ecosystem. All of the interconnected and overlapping food chains in an ecosystem make up a foodweb.Organisms in food webs are grouped into categories called trophic levels. Roughly speaking, these levels aredivided into producers (first trophic level), consumers, and decomposers (last trophic level); Producers makeup the first trophic level. Producers, also known as autotrophs, make their own food and do not depend on anyother organism for nutrition.The next trophic levels are made up of animals that eat producers. Theseorganisms are called consumers. Detritivores and decomposers make up the last part of food chains.Detritivores are organisms that eat non living plant and animal remains. Decomposers, like fungi and bacteria,complete the food chain. Decomposers turn organic wastes, such as decaying plants, into inorganic materials,such as nutrient-rich soil. They complete the cycle of life, returning nutrients to the soil or oceans for use byautotrophs. This starts a whole new series of food chains.4. An Energy Pyramid; An example is provided below
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)5.Cycle of NatureProcesses1. WaterPrecipitation, Evaporation, Condensation,Transpiration2. Carbon/OxygenPhotosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition3. NitrogenNitrogen Fixation, Decomposition6. Limiting; Limiting; Examples will vary, but can include the following:Freshwater Pollution can cause the fish population to declineMarine Increase in the shark population can cause the decrease of the small fish populationForest Drought can cause a decrease in the plant populationDesert Variations of temperatures can cause the decrease in plant and animal populationsGrassland Overgrazing of antelope can cause the grass population to decreaseMountains Increase in mountain lion population decrease in their prey population7. Answers will vary, but can include the following:Biotic Factors- Increase/Decrease in predators, Increase/Decrease in prey, decrease of plant population,competition among organisms, food availability and supplyAbiotic Factors- Temperatures, Wind, Flood, Drought, Sunlight, Shelter, Disease
GCS Grade 6 Science Unit H Study Guide Earth In The Universe1. The moon and the Sun each exert a pull on the Earth. These forces can be alignedor in opposition to one another. The is the force which keeps our universe inalignment and the planets in their orbit, it is also the major source of heat and light . The is the force which has a major impact on the Earth’s ocean tides.2. T he alignment of the Sun, Earth and Moon can produce shadows on the Earth or Moon resultingin . They can sometimes be predictable. What happens in each of them?(Remember there are 2 of them!)3. The Earth’s north-south axis is at an angle, a s compared with the plane of its orbit aroundthe Sun. The (23.5 degrees) of the Earth causes all parts of the Earth toexperience periods of daylight and darkness. The (23.5 degrees) of the Eartharound the Sun on its axis along with its daily causes varying lengths of daylighton the Earth’s surface as well as changes in the directness and intensity of sunlight. How long doesit take Earth to complete this?4. The Earth’s around the sun in the path of an ellipse results in a yearly cycle of for much of the Earth’s surface. The of the Earth’s axis also results inthe being ‘reversed’ in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. (e.g.: winter in NorthAmerica corresponds to summer in South America.) How long does it take Earth to complete this?5. The Earth’s revolves around the Earth as both go through space and revolvearound the Sun. From Earth, it appears in a series of that repeat in a regular cycle.
GCS Grade 6 Science Unit H Study Guide Earth In The Universe6. Since the rotational period of the moon is the same as its period of revolution around the Earth, thesame side of the moon is always viewed from Earth. What is the period of time it takes for the moonto rotate/revolve around the Earth?7. Create a list of objects that help to make up our solar system.8. Planets are the largest objects in the solar system and due to the Sun’s gravitational pull, they revolvearound the sun with known frequencies. Eight planets of very different size, composition, and surfacefeatures move around the sun in nearly circular orbits. Some planets have a variety of moons and evenflat rings of rock and ice particles orbiting around them. Some of these planets and moon showevidence of geologic activity. Fill in the following chart listing the planets (in the correct order fromthe sun) and their defining characteristics.Planet1.2.3.4.Outer or Inner PlanetDefining Characteristics
GCS Grade 6 Science Unit H Study Guide Earth In The Universe5.6.7.8.9. The planet Earth formed in just the right place with just the right ingredients for life to flourish. What arethese “ingredients” that allow for Earth to be the only planet in our Solar System to sustain life?10. has allowed humans to learn much about the workings of the solar system ,the composition of planets and moons, and the effects of many types of solar radiation on the Earth andits inhabitants. In preparing for the challenges of , people have developed toolsand products that have become very important in enriching our lives. List some of those toolsand products which were developed to help this effort.
GCS Grade 6 Science Unit H Study Guide Earth In The UniverseAnswer Key1. gravitational; Sun; moon2. eclipses; A "lunar eclipse" and a "solar eclipse" refer to events involving three celestial bodies: the Sun("solar"), the moon ("lunar"), and the Earth. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between theMoon and the Sun, and the Earth's shadow obscures the moon or a portion of it. A solar eclipse occurswhen the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking all or a portion of the Sun.3. tilted; tilt; tilt; rotation; It takes the Earth 24 hours to complete one rotation.4. revolution; seasons; tilt; seasons; It takes the Earth 365.24 days to complete one revolution.5. moon; phases; Examples of phases are shown in the diagram below6. It takes the moon about 27 days or 1 month to complete a rotation/revolution around Earth.7. The Solar System consists of the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, meteors, comets, dust, gases andprimarily empty space.8.PlanetOuter or Inner PlanetDefining Characteristics1. MercuryInner PlanetMercury is the smallest planet.It has a dense iron core, and ithas a weak gravitational force.Mercury is the closest planet tothe sun, and for this reason isrevolves more quickly aroundthe sun than any other planet.Mercury has no atmosphere,and Mercury does not have anymoons.2. VenusInner PlanetVenus is about the same size asEarth. It has a similarcomposition to Earth, with aliquid core. However, Venus hasa weak gravitational force. It isthe second planet from the sun.Venus rotates on its axis veryslowly, but it revolves around
GCS Grade 6 Science Unit H Study Guide Earth In The Universethe sun more quickly thanEarth. There are high winds onthe surface of Venus, and itsatmosphere is very thick carbondioxide. Venus has very hightemperatures on the surface,and it is very dry.3. EarthInner PlanetEarth is the largest of the innerplanets. Earth is the third planetfrom the sun, and it has anoxygen-containing atmosphereand plenty of water on thesurface. Earth has the strongestgravity of all the inner planets,and it has one moon.4. MarsInner PlanetMars is smaller than Earth andonly slightly bigger thanMercury. It has less mass thanEarth, so the gravitational forceis weaker. Mercury is the fourthplanet from the Sun, and it iscolder and much dryer thanEarth. The surface of Mars isred because of the presence ofrust. Its atmosphere containsmostly carbon dioxide. Marsrotates on its axis at almost thesame rate as Earth, but it takeslonger to revolve around thesun. Mars has two moons:Deimos and Phobos. Mars usedto have liquid water on itssurface, which leads scientiststo think that Mars may haveonce supported forms life.5. JupiterOuter PlanetJupiter is the largest planet inthe solar system. It iscomposed of helium andhydrogen, with a small rockycore. Huge storms occur on thesurface of Jupiter, especially atthe red spot. It is not very densebecause it is made up mostly ofgases. It takes just under 10 hrsto rotate, and 12 earth years torevolve. Its atmosphere is madeup mostly of hydrogen and
GCS Grade 6 Science Unit H Study Guide Earth In The Universehelium. Jupiter has more than60 moons, some of which havewater on their surface.6. SaturnOuter PlanetSaturn is 750 times the size ofEarth. It is made up mostly ofhydrogen, and has a liquidhydrogen core. Its atmosphereis made up of hydrogen andhelium, and it also has violentstorms on its surface. It is notvery dense because it is mostlygas. Saturn has more than 40moons. It has rings of ice andice particles that distinguish itfrom the other planets.7. UranusOuter PlanetUranus is one deep ocean witha liquid rock core. Itsatmosphere is made ofhydrogen, helium, and methanegas. The methane in theatmosphere makes Uranus lookblue-green. Uranus rotates onits side, and it has over 20moons.8. NeptuneOuter PlanetNeptune takes 165 years to orbitthe sun. It is made of mostlygas and has 13 moons. Thereare violent storms on itssurface, specifically at the greatdark spot.The outer planets are farther than the Sun than the inner planets are; as a result, the outer planets are colderand have larger orbits and longer years. The outer planets are also larger than the inner planets and, unlike theinner planets, they lack solid surfaces. They also have numerous and larger moons.9. Earth is surrounded by a thin atmosphere that contains nitrogen, oxygen, and other trace gases. Thisatmosphere provides the air that we breathe. It also helps to regulate the temperature so that we do notexperience extreme hot or cold. Earth’s atmosphere also contains a layer of ozone, a molecule consisting ofthree oxygen atoms, which provides protection from harmful solar radiation. Finally, three-quarters of Earth'ssurface is covered by water, a necessary ingredient for life. Earth is the only planet in the solar system thatcontains liquid water.10. Space Exploration; Space Exploration; Answers will vary but can include the following: Space Suits,Rockets, Shuttles, Probes, Satellites, Telescopes, NASA, International Space Station, Hubble Space
GCS Grade 6 Science Unit H Study Guide Earth In The UniverseTelescope, Spitizer Space Telescope, Fermi-Gamma Ray Telescope, Chandra X-Ray Observatory, ComptonGamma Ray Observatory
Grade 6 Science Study Guide (ANSWER KEY) Unit D: Waves 1. All waves transmit energy not matter. Nearly all waves travel through matter. Waves are created when a source (force) creates a vibration. Provide 3 examples of waves. Answers will vary but can include: Light, Sound, Seismic,
