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5.1.3Contact language:India is heterogeneous in terms of language andreligion, and therefore the number of 1contact s p e a k e r s Is high.By contact speakers of a language we mean thosewho speak a language as a subsidiary to their mother tongue.Contact speakers of a language are thus distinguished fromthe native speakers of that language.A Telugu speaker incontact with a Tamil speaker may use English, which ismutually intelligible.In such a situation English is thecontact language for both speakers.A Malayalam speakerin contact with a Kannada speaker may use Kannada, which ismutually intelligible.In such a case, Kannada Is the con tact language for the Malayalam speaker.English is usedas an effective and important contact language by variouslanguage groups in India.1.4Bilingualism:A. speaker who uses two languages alternately is a bi lingual.According to Uriel Weinreich "all remarks aboutbilingualism apply as well to multi-lingualism, the practiceof using alternately three or more languages".So the1.Khubchandani, L.M. , Distribution of Contact Languages inIndia: A Study of the 1961 Bilingualism R e t u r n s . Paperpresented at the rLinguisticsf session of the IndianCensus Centenary Seminar organised by the RegistrarGeneral of India at New Delhi, October, 1972, p . 4.2„Weinreigh, Uriel, Languages in Contact - Findings andP r o b l e m s , (Mouton, The Hague, 196b), p.l.

6.number of languages Involved in bilingualism need not beonly two, but can be more.Bilingualism can also be com pletely passive, involving only understanding without speak ing.It may also include mastery of two different butmutually comprehensible dialects of the same language.Abilingual who "has complete mastery of two languages andmakes use of both in all uses to which he puts either" isan a m b llingual.An ambilingual is also a bilingual, buta bilingual need not be an ambilingual.1.5English in Andhra P r a d e s h :In general, all educated Indians are bilinguals.En glish is widely used by the educated Telugu speakers inAndhra Pradesh, even while talking among t h e m s e l v e s I noffices, business concerns, hotels, clubs, buses and trains.,about subjects ranging from their personal affairs to inter national politics.The use varies only in degree, fromfrequent use of English words in Telugu speech to totalidiomatic use of English, depending on the speaker and thecontext.The proficiency in English of the Telugu speakersis a cline where at the bottom is a beginner and at the topis one who speaks English fluently and effectively like agood educated native speaker (the proportion of such speakersis l o w ) .The context refers to the nature of the communi cation, whether official, casual or personal.1.A speechHalliday, M.A.K., McIntosh, A., Strevens, P., The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching, (IndianaUniversity Press, Blooming t c m , 1 6 ) , p .7 8.

7.event between two persons with a reasonably high level ofproficiency in English can be distinguished from that in volving two unequal speakers.can affect the other.The standard of one speakerThe kind of English used will alsovary in certain respects from official to personal purpose.Many English words are used in everyday life even bythe not-so-well educated people —coffee , t e a ,, cigarette ,s o d a , h o t e l , r a d i o , cine m a , c ycle, b u s , p o s t m a n , d o c t o r ,l a w y e r , engineer, collector, d r i v e r , conductor, office(r),m i n i s t e r , school, college, cricket, football, t e n n i s , etc.Expressions like Good m o r n i n g , Good n i g h t , p l e a s e , thank y o u ,s o r r y , excuse m e , are often used by educated speakers.Educated Telugu speakers normally use English as the contactlanguage while speaking to educated speakers of other lan guage groups in India, and to English-speaking foreigners.Although the government of Andhra Pradesh has declaredTelugu as the official language for state administration,English continues to be the de facto language for allpractical purposes particularly in offices with state-widejurisdiction.For rural and district level administration,Telugu is being used increasingly.Communications with thecentral government of India are made in English.At school English is introduced in Class V.Tillrecently English was the only medium of instruction incolleges, but now the government has opened Telugu mediumclasses at the Intermediate level.However, for manyundergraduate courses, and all post-graduate courses, andfor research purposes English is still used.

8.For the purpose of correspondence, most of the busi ness concerns, and industries in private ownership useEnglish.Their signboards are invariably in English, andmost of the publicity is done in English.1.6In t e r ference:The word interference* refers to the linguisticinfluence exercised by one language over another.Haugen defines it as follows:Einar**a single item is pluckedout of one language and used in the context of another1'.According to him, diffusion of .a language is of three types:"Cl) switching, the alternate use of two languages,interference, the overlapping of two languages,(2)(3) inte gration , the regular use of material from one language inanother, so that there is no longer either switching orpoverlapping, except in a historical sense” .Interferenceof one language over another may be noticed at the phono logical, grammatical and lexical levels.1.7Source language and Target language:The present study examines the extent of interferenceof Telugu on English in the speech of educated Telugu1.Haugen, Einar, Bilingualism in the A m e r i c a s : ABibliography and Research G u i d e , (American DialectSociety, Alabama, 1956)7 p . 39.2*I b i d . , p .40.

9.speakers.For these speakers Telugu is the first languageand the mother tonguelanguage or L .It can also be called the primaryEnglish is learnt by these speakersrelatively later in their lives and therefore, it is theirsecond language, or secondary language, or Lg.The differ-ence in learning a first language and a second language isexplained by Corder:"the learning of the mother tongue isinevitable, whereas, alas,-we all knowthat there is no such inevitability aboutthe learning of a second language;thatthe learning of the mother tongue is partof the whole maturational process of thechild, whilst learning a second languagenormally begins only after the maturationalprocess is largely complete;that the infantstarts with no overt language behaviour, whilein the case of the second language learnersuch behaviour, of course, exists;that themotivation (if we can properly use the termin the context) for learning a first languageis quite different from that for learning asecond language". 1The English spoken by Telugu speakers is bound to havea Telugu colour because of the influence of L- on Lg.How ever, most educated speakers have a certain target, that isto speak English as it is spoken by the educated nativespeakers of English.Depending on the strength of motivation,effort and intelligence, each individual speaker gets asclose as he can to his target.The closer he gets to nativeEnglish In his speech.the farther he moves from the influenceof Telugu.For historical reasons, British English has thelongest and deepest roots in India among all the native1.Corder, S.P., ’The Significance of Learner's E r r o r s ’,International Review of Applied Linguistics in LanguageTeaching (HeTdelberg, 1967) , Voi.y (1967), p . 163-

10.varieties of English.It is to British English thatTelugu speakers are exposed in most situations, namelyin educational institutions and radio news broadcasts.Therefore, in the context of a Telugu speaker speakingEnglish, the target language is English.In speakingEnglish, the speaker draws certain features from his ex perience of the mother tongue which Is the source language.The source language here is Telugu.1*8Telugu E n g l i s h :The term Telugu English is used for the variety ofEnglish spoken by Telugu speakers in Andhra Pradesh.Abercrombie broadly classifies the English-speakingpeople of the world into Standard English speakers anddialect speakers.The Standard English speakers inEngland are further classified into those who speak with out an accent, and those who speak with an accent.Thepronunciation of those who speak English without an accentin England is called 'Received Pronunciation*(R.P.) whichaccording to Abercrombie is a prestigious and an advantageousaccent.However, for speakers outside England, R.P. isStandard English with an accent.Telugu English can fitinto Abercrombie1s classification as Standard English withan accent.It is a non-native variety of Standard English.It is not a dialect in Abercrombie *s terminology because1.Abercrombie, David, Studies in Phonetics and Linguistics, (Oxford University Press, London, 1965)*p p . 10-13.

11,its grammar,syntax and vocabulary are not very differentfrom those of Standard English although its pronunciationis relatively more different*This is because Teluguspeakers are exposed more to English books and writingsthan to English speech,1*9Aim and scope of this s t u d y :The main objective of this study is to find out whathappens to English when it is spoken as a second language(I ) by speakers of Telugu, what features are carried overfrom Telugu (L ) to English and,what others are acquiredby the speakers.In this thesis the functioning of the system of TeluguEnglish is Interpreted in terms of how much it is influencedby Telugu, and consequently how it differs from nativeEnglish.It is not the aim of this study to make an ex haustive comparison of Telugu English with native English,or Telugu English with Telugu, or native English with nativeTelugu.The scope of this study is restricted to featuressuch as the vowel and consonant systems, word accent,emphasis and intonation.The work Includes both phonological and phoneticdescriptions.The phonetic description employs instrumentalevidence in certain places.

12.Daniel Jones and Gimson have adopted the phonemicapproach to describe English phonology, and their books'1'are easily available and commonly used (in India).It istherefore felt advisable and convenient to describe Teluguphonology also according to the phonemic approach.The model of native English pronunciation chosen forcomparison is R.P. since it Is well described (in the booksby Daniel Jones and Gimson) and is widely accepted.The analysis of Telugu is based almost entirely on theintuition and observations of the author who is a nativespeaker of Telugu and who lived in Andhra Pradesh for 29years.The description of Telugu English is based mostlyon the observations of the author (who is trained inphonetics) during his stay in Andhra Pradesh.The findingsare based mostly on his auditory impressions.Only theEnglish spoken by educated Telugu speakers is chosen forstudy.By 'educated1 we mean that the speakers were alluniversity graduates.Evidence is also drawn from therecorded data used for an earlier investigationtheauthor on Telugu English.made byIt comprised recordingsmade by 23 educated Telugu speakers of different districts1.Jones, Daniel, An Outline of English Pho n e t i c s , (Heffer& Sons, Cambridge, i960).1English Pronouncing Dictionary, (Dent & Sons,London, 1 9 5 Gimson, A.C., An Introduction to the Pronunciation ofEnglish (Edward "Arnold"," London', 197o')’.

of Andhra Pradesh, drawn from various professions.Thetext included a list of 44 simple English words and adialogue.Free speech also was recorded.The data wereinterpreted without much insight into the phonology ofTelugu.The present work, on the other hand, throws morelight on the phonology of Telugu as a powerful influence onthe English spoken by Telugu speakers.Therefore, thephonological structure of Telugu words is examined to findout its basic structural difference from English.Adetailed study of accent and emphasis in respect of eachstructure is made for Telugu.References to R.P. are made where Telugu English iscompared with native English.R.P. is not described indetail in this thesis, because it would be simply repeatingwhat others have said about it already.Therefore, refer ence to R.P. is based primarily on Jones's An Outline ofEnglish Phonetics1, and English Pronouncing Dictionary2,and Gimson's An Introduction to the Pronunciation ofEnglish.For intonation patterns of English O'Connor andArnold's Intonation of Colloquial Englishis used as theframework for description, but the examples given here arechecked with a few R.P.speakers in London.The symbolsused for R.P. vowels and consonants are from Gimson.1.o p .c it.2.o p .c i t .3.o p .c i t .4.(Longman, London, 1974).

14.1.10 Instrumental A n alysis:Analysis is done with instrumental techniques in supportof certain findings on Telugu only, the subject of theanalysis being the author himself.1.11 Palatograms:Word palatograms are made to illustrate mainly thepoint of contact between the tongue and the roof of themouth.The method employed is indirect palatography withprojection photography as described by Firth and Adam.'*'The GridZonesLeftRight4th Molar Line2nd Molar3rd Molar Line1st Molar.2nd Molar Line1st Molar LineCanine Line .Lateral Incisor L:Incisor Line .1.1st Pre-MolarCanine.Lateral, IncisorFrontal IncisorFirth, J.R., and Adam, H.J.F., i m p r o v e d Techniques inPalatography and Kymography* in Firth*s Papers in L in guistics 1934-1951a (O.U.P., London, 1 9 5 7 ) a pp.175-176.

In order to interpret the palatograms a grid is madeCit is enclosed in the pocket inside the back cover of thisbook).The outline .of the palate Is sketched on a trans parent paper (or film).Lines are drawn across the outlinedividing the palate Into different zones.The zoning isbased on the dentition plan suggested by Firth.'1'The numbers found between the horizontal lines representthe following zones.1—Dental zone2—Denti-alveolar zone3—Alveolar zone4—Post-alveolar zone5—Pre-palatal zone6—Mid-palatal zone7—Post-palatal zoneThe extent of wipes in different zones on the palatogramscan be seen by keeping the grid over the palatogram so thatthe outlines of the palate are exactly over each other.*12 MingogramsMingograms are made mainly to examine the duration ofvowels and consonants for the study of emphasis(Chapter Y).A description of the instruments used for this purpose Isfound in the Appendix.1.Firth, J.R., 1Wordr-palatograms and Articulation*,Papers in Linguistics 1934-1951. o p .c i t ., p p . 148-151.

16.Chapter XI'TELUGU VOWELS 'AND CONSONANTS2.1Telugu word structure:The phonological structure of a Telugu word isinterpreted as comprising the general .units of vowel (V)and consonant(C)3 and is represented as an organisation ofC and V units in different combinations.The structure ofthe word is characterised not only by the number of syllablesin it but also by the nature of those syllables.Thenature of the syllable includes consideration of whetherthe syllable is closed '(-C final) or open (-V final) andwhether the syllable is heavy in quantity or light inquantity.Heavy quantity syllables include those whichare -C final* and those with a long vowel unit (V).Lightwquantity syllables are those with a short vowel unit(V).The structure of monomorphemic words in Telugu can bestated in terms of the following p a t t e r n s :*structureexamplesDisyllabic:With medial))(C)VCY/ala/ .fw a v e T(C)vcV./kala// e :ru/fd r e a m 1*stream*single consonant )/nu:ne/ *oil**iStructures with the initial C in brackets indicate thatthere are words both with and without an initial consonant.The sign over CC indicates that the consonant articulationis homorganic.Absence of this sign on CC means that theconsonant articulation is non-homorganic.

structure*examplesDisyllabic:With medial))(C)YCCYdouble consonant )/anna/ , ’elderb r o t her’/kappa/’f r o g ’/antu/’l i m i t ’With medial homor(C)VNPYganic nasal plus/binde/ ’metal pot'plosiveWith medial con-/wa:nti/ 'vomit*CYCCY/ku ra/ ’conspiracy ’(C)YCCY/a:sti/))sonant clusterCVNPV)’property'/ p u :r t i / ’complete’Trisyllabic:(C)YCYCY/isuka/ ’s a n d ’* /kalimi/ .’f o r t u n e ’(C)YCYCY/a:kali/’h u n g e r ’* /ci:ka i/(C)VC?CY/et airi/ ’d e s e r t ’* /cira:ku/ 'nuisance'(C)VCCVCY/allucju/ ’son-in-law.’, /niccena/(C )YNPVCV ./andamu/ ’b e a u t y ’ , /w.antena/ ’b r i d g e ’CVNPVCY/kain amu/ ’chapter'(C)YCCVCV/is- amu/ ’w i l l ’* /marmamu/ ’mystery’CYCCYCV/pu:rwamu/ ’previously’’d a r k n e s s ’’l a d d e r ’Tetrasyllable:(C)VCYCVCV/alajacji/ ’agitation’, /parimiti/ ’l i m i t ’(C)VCVCYCV/a:mudamu/ ’c a stor’, /ka:puramu/ ’living’CYCYCYCY/wijeipamu/ .’speciality’(C)YCVCYCY/ a : l o :cana/ ’thought'* /ka:le:yamu/ ’l i v e r ’

18.' examplesstructure(C)VCCVCVCV(C)VNPVCVCV/uttaramu/ 'letter', /wittanamu/ 'seed'/ankltamu/ 'dedication1/santakamu/ 'signature'CWPYCVCV/banga:ramu/ 'gold*CVCCVCVCV/pustakamu/ .'book'CVCCYCVCV/ k a r p u :ramu/ 'naphthaleneball1The general units, C and V, in the above structuresmay be given values by the statement of commutation systemsappropriate to the various places in structure.2.2Telugu v o w e l s :Syllable 1 in Telugu word structures shows the largestrange of commutation in the V system compared with medialor final syllables.At this place a general system offive distinctive vowels can be set up on the basis of thelexical contrasts provided.On a phonological basis, thevowels can be classified as front and non-front on oneparameter, and high, mid and low on another.For the lowvowel, the front/non-front distinction is not required.FrontNon-frontHighiuMideoLow

19.Examples:/wirugu/’break*/puru u/ .’'insect’/perugu/ .’y o g h u r t ’/porugu/’neighbour1/parucp/ .’r u n ’Length is lexically significant at certain places instructures.For instance, in disyllabic structures(CVCV),there is a short/long vowel contrast at the first syllableas the following examples illustrate:/ika/i:ka/’n o w ’/ ’f e a t h e r ’/puri/pu:ri/’t o w n ’/ ’.wheat pancake’/mecj.a/ine: c a/.’n e c k ’/ ’upstairs ’/dora/do:ra/’respectable m a n ’/ ’r i p e ’/adi/a:di/’t h a t ’/ ’beginning’Final syllables do not provide any lexical contrastsbetween long and short vowels.At this place however vowellength has certain grammatical functions as the followingexamples show:a)conjunction[adi: idi]’That and t h i s ’.[wa:c u: wi: Ju]b)emphasis[wa: e:]c)’It is h e ’.alternation[wa:cj.o: wi:( o:]d)’That man and this m a n 1’ ’Either that man or this m a n ’question[wa:c a:]’Is It h e ? ’

20.The chart below indicates the typical phoneticqualities to be associated with the vowel symbols in thetranscription.I:u. xoxa:/i/ is in the f ront, close, unrounded area./fe/ is In the f r o n t , half-close, unrounded area./a/ is between front and back, open, unrounded./o/ Is in the back. half-close, rounded area./u/ is in the back,close, rounded area.The short vowels

Telugu is a Dravidian language spoken mainly in South India. There are about forty five million native speakers of Telugu * all over India, most of them concentrated in their home state, Andhra Pradesh. Telugu speakers form the second largest language group in India next only to Hindi speakers. There are four