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EOCUMENT RESUMEVT 012 344ED 045 846TITLEINS7ITUTICNPUB DATECrnamental Horticulture Technology; Suggested 2-YearPost High School Curriculums.rivision of Vocational and Technical Education, EAVa.70NOTE215p.AVAILABLE FFCNSuperintendent cf Documents, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, D.C. 20402(HE5.281:81017 1.75)FORS PRICEDESCRIPTORSEDRS Price MF - 1.O0 HC Not Available from EDES.*Curriculum Guides, Floriculture, Landscaping,Nurseries (Horticulture), Nursery Workers(Horticulture), Off Farm Agricultural Occupations,*Ornamental Horticulture, *Ornamental HorticultureCccupation, Post Secondary Education, TurfManagement, *Vocational AgricultureABSTRACTDeveloped ty a technical education specialist, thisguide is designed to aid school administrators in planning anddeveloping 2-year post-high school programs or evaluating existingprograms in ornamental horticulture technology. In addition togeneral information on the program, contents include course outlineswith examples cf tests and references, technical educationprocedures, and laboratory layouts with equipment and costs and landrequirements for five subject areas: (1) floriculture, (2) landscapedevelopment, (3) nursery operation, (4) turfgrass management, and (5)arboriculture. A selected list of scientific, trade, and technicalsocieties concerned with the technology is appended. The suggestedprogram may he modified to meet local, state and regional needs. (AW)

414tlUIhlogy-qukgested 2-Year (Post ligh School Curriculumt

DISCRIMINATION PROHIBITEDTitle VI of the Civil Rights Act of1964 states: "No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race,color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied thebenefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activityreceiving Federal financial assistance." Therefore, the Technical Educationprogram, like every program or activity receiving financial assistance fromthe U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, must be operatedin compliance with this law.

00U.S. OEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION& WELFAREOFFICE OF EDUCATIONTHIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCEDEXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OROFIGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OFVIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF ED1.1CATION POSITION OR POLICY.ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURETECHNOLOGYSuggested 2-Year Post High School CurriculumsU.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFAREELLIOT L. RICHARDSON, SecretaryOFFICE 'OF EDUCATIONTERREL H. BELL, Acting Commissioner of EducationARTHUR LEE HARDWICK, Associate CommissionerDivision of Vocational and Technical Education0E-81017

Superintendent of Documents Catalog No. HE 5.281:81017For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402 - Price 1.76

FOREWORDA DVANCEMENTS in technology have caused great changes in horticul-iature as a business enterprise, as a service, and as an applied science.Some of the mast significant changes have resulted from using new equipment, concepts, and methods to control plant growth and to improve theindustry's products and services. These developments and the legislationof mid-1960's to promote the "beautification" of the Nation have directedattention toward personnel shortages, especially skilled technicians, in thehorticultural industry.This guide was prepared to aid the States in planning and developing2-year post high si.hool programs in ornamental horticulture technology,or in evaluating existing programs. Although the indicated level of instruc-tion is post high school, the sequence of course work may well start atany grade level where students have the prerequisite background andunderstanding.It includes suggested curriculums for five options : floriculture, landscapedevelopment, nursery operation, turfgrass management, and aboriculture.It also includes suggested course outlines with examples of texts and references ; a sequence of technical education procedures ; laboratory layoutswith equipment and costs ; a discussion of the library and its use, facultyand students services, and land requirements ; and a selected list of scientific, trade, and technical societies concerned with the technology.This guide was developed by Walter J. Brooking, technical educationspecialist in the Program Development Branch of the Division of Vocationalahs.1 Technical Education, U.S, Office of Education. The basic materials wereprepared by the State University of New York Agricultural and TechnicalCollege at Farmingdale, pursuant to a contract with the Office of Education.Many useful suggestions were received from special consultants and advi-sers, owners of businesses, employees in the horticultural industry, andadministrators and teachers in schools of technology. Although all suggestions could not be incorporated, each was considered carefully in the lightof the publication's intended use. In view of this, it shwild not be inferredthat the suggested curriculums are completely endorsed by any one institution, agency, or person. They are plans for a program ; plans to be modifiedby administrators and their advisers to meet local, State, and regional needs.ARTHUR LEE HARDWICKAssociate Commissioner forAdult, Vocational, andTechnical Educationiii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSTHE U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION, Division of Vocational and Tech-& nical Education, recognizes the valuable contributions made in thedetailed review of this publication by the following persons:Thomas T. Adams, Ten Oaks Nursery & Gardens, Inc., Clarksville, Md.Olaf J. Andersen, Vice President, Trees of Houston, 2438 South Boulevard, Houston, Tex.R. L. Andrews, Landscape Architect, Assistant to Executive Director,National Capital Housing Authority, 1729 New York Avenue, NW.,Washington, D.C.Vincent K. Bailey, Bailey Nurseries, Inc., 1325 Bailey Road, St. Paul,Minn.F. Raymond Brush, Secretary, American Association of Nurserymen,Inc., 835 Southern Building, Washington, D.C.Robert Colby, Superintendent, Montefiore Cemetery, Pinelawn Avenue,Farmingdale, N.Y.Harold Davidson, Associate Professor of Horticulture, Michigan StateUniversity, East Lansing.Homer K. Dodge, Homer K. Dodge Associates, 24 Union Avenue, Framingham, Mass.Norman H. Foote, Chairman, Division of Agriculture, State Universityof New York Agricultural and Technical College, Farmingdale.James Manka, Superintendent, Inwood Country Club, Spruce Road,Liwood, N.Y.Hubert B. Owens, Chairman, Division of Landscape Architecture,University o C Georgia, Athens.Freeman Parr, Parr, and Hansen, Post Office Box 186, Hicksville, N.Y.Donald F. Pollitt, President, Donald F. Pollitt, Inc., Landscape Design-ers and Contractors, 1379 Cedar Swamp Road, Brooksville, GlenHead, N.Y.Harry Raben, Garden World, Inc., Francis Lewis Boulevard and 46thAvenue, Flushing, N.Y.Edward Roberts, Jr., Vice President, Golf Course Superintendent ofAmerica, 334 Shumpike Road, Chatham, N.J.Joseph F. Roeseli, Chairman, Department of Ornamental Horticulture,State University of New York Agricultural and Technical College,Farmingdale.Max Schling, 675 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.L. R. Shields, Golf Course Superintendent, Woodmont Country Club,1201 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Md.Henry Skinner, National Arboretum, Washington, D.C.Paul E. Tilford, Executive Secretary, National Arborist Association,Inc., 616 Southern Building, Washington, D.C.John Walker, Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists, Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.William C. Warlick, Forsyth Technical Institute, Horticulture Department, 2100 Link Road, Winston-Salem, N.C.Wilbur Wright, Director of Parks, Monroe County Park System, Rochester, N.Y.

The Office of Education also appreciates the constructive criticism received from administrators and staff members of the following institutions:Arizona Western CollegeYuma, Ariz.Abraham Baldwin AgriculturalCollegeState Board of Vocationaland Adult EducationMadison, Wis.Tifton, Ga.State Department of EducationMontgomery, Ala.Danville Junior CollegeDanville, Ill.State Department of EducationSacramento, Calif.Ratcliffe Hicks School ofAgricultureUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, Conn.State Department of EducationTallahassee, Fla.Mount San Antonio CollegeWalnut, Calif.State University of New YorkAgricultural and TechnicalCollegeCobleskill, N.Y.State Board of VocationalEducation and Rehabilitation(Division of Agriculture Education)Springfield, Ill.vi

CONTENTSPageFOREWORDACKNOWLEDGMENTSTHE ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE PROGRAMTypical Employment OpportunitiesGeneral Considerationsiii134FloricultureLandscape Development7Nursery OperationTurfgrass ManagementArboricultureFacultyStudent Selection and Serv5cesAdvisory Committees and CervicesLaboratory Equipment and FacilitiesLibraryTextbooks, References, and Visual Aids78891012131415161717181920212225Scientific and Technical SocietiesTHE CURRICULUMSFloriculture Curriculum OutlineLandscape Development Curriculum OutlineNursery Management Curriculum OutlineTurfgrass Management Curriculum OutlineArboriculture Curriculum Outline .Brief Description of CoursesCurriculum Content and RelationshipsSuggested Continuing Study2829303034363840COURSE OUTLINESTechnical Specialty CoursesDrainage and IrrigationFloral DesignFloricultuFlower Shop OperationGreenhouse Operations IGreenhouse Operations IIHerbaceous Plants IHerbaceous Plants IIHorticultural ApplicationsHorticultural and Turfgrass EquipmentHouse and Conservatory Plants IHouse and Conservatory Plants IIIndoor LandscapingLandscape ConstructionLandscape GardeningLandscape Plans ILandscape Plans IIMunicipal ArboricultureNursery Operation INursery Operation IINursery Operation IIIPlant Propagationvii42485154.59636670737779828588909294

PagePlanting Plans IPlanting Plans IIShade Tree ProblemsTraining Ornamental and Fruit PlantsTree Pruning and RepairTurfgrass CultureTurfgrass for Golf CoursesTurfgrass Management ITurfgrass Management IIWoody Plants IWoody Plants IIWoody Plants IIIMathematic' and Science 3193Entomology and Plant Disease ControlHorticultural ScienceHorticultural SoilsPlant PathologyAuxiliary and Supporting Technical CoursesArborist BusinessLandscape Contracts and SpecificationsLandscape SurveyingSalesmanshipTechnical ReportingGeneral CoursesBusiness Organization and ManagementCommunication SkillsGeneral and Industrial EconomicsFACILITIES, EQUIPMENT, AND COSTSGeneral Planning of FacilitiesLand RequirementsLaboratory Facilities and EquipmentCost of Facilities and EquipmentBasic Curriculum CostAudio and Visual Aid EquipmentHorticultural Soils Course EquipmentHorticultural Applications Course EquipmentWoody and Herbaceous Plants Course EquipmentFloriculture Curriculum EquipmentLandscape Development CurriculumLandscape Plans Course.Landscape Construction Course Equipment.Landscape Surveying Course EquipmentNursery Curriculum EquipmentTurfgrass Curriculum Equipment and ToolsLaboratory EquipmentGolf Course-9 HoleArboriculture Curriculum EquipmentHortkulture Complex With All Five Curriculumsviii193194194195196196196196198

PageBIBLIOGRAPHYAPPENDIX199Selected mist of Professional and Technical Societies and Organizations Concerned with Ornamental Horticulture and its Applica203tion.ix

THE ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE PROGRAMfor containerized growth, storage, and distribution reduce cost and improve service to customers. Modern applications of the science ofchemical plant growth control, such as fertilizers, growth stimulators, or depressants, defoliants and many others, are an important part ofthe horticultural producer's activities. Chemi-ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE, or thecultivation and use of plants and flowers tocontrol, beautify, and improve man's environment, is an old practice. It has become a multi-billion dollar industry in this Nation whichserves many and employs several thousand persons.cals to kill or control weeds, molds, insects,Recently there has been grea.cer awarenessand growing interest in substantially increasingthe use of plants, flowers, turf, and shrubs forthe beautification of municipal properties,plant parasites, and animals that feed on plantsor affect their growth have been developed to avery sophisticated technological requirementfor efficient and economical horticultural production. Special equipment and techniques arerequired for the use of these chemicals.New machinery and sophisticated automaticwatering, temperature and light controlling devices have been developed for the greenhouseurban areas generally, and the countryside.Growing emphasis on environmental improvement indicates this awareness and is only oneof many factors which has created a shortageof the skilled personnel required to produce,plant, care for, and to distribute the materialsused for horticultural purposes.and horticultural industry, and represent yetModern technology has caused great changesin the propagation, culture, packaging, storing,another facet of the technological impact on theindustry.care, and distribution of flowers, shrubs, turfgrass, and trees. New varieties of plants improve in beauty and adapability. New materialsAll of these technical developments havebrought about great changes in the horticultural field and cause a growing need for highly:;e," i.:'70.2i-,,!*CS! t 1./Z.C. .9ti .4Figure 3.The systematic use of flowers, shrubs, trees, and grass to beautify and influence man's environment is an ancient art.Ornamental horticulture students learn that modern technology makes greet changes in that art.1

skilled technicians to cope with the increasinglycomplex scientific aspects of the industry. Thefollowing description of the major branches ofornamental horticulture will clarify the subjectand provide a basis for the terms used throughout this publication.Ornamental horticulture is the production offield of importance and is, lik

(Horticulture), Off Farm Agricultural Occupations, *Ornamental Horticulture, *Ornamental Horticulture Cccupation, Post Secondary Education, Turf Management, *Vocational Agriculture. Developed ty a technical education specialist, this guide is designed to aid school administrators in planning and developing 2-year post-high school programs or evaluating existing programs in ornamental .