THE FUTURE IS NOW - United Nations

Transcription

THE FUTUREIS NOWSCIENCE FOR ACHIEVINGSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTGLOBAL SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT REPORT2 19

THE FUTURE IS NOWSCIENCE FOR ACHIEVINGSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTGLOBAL SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT REPORT2 19

NoteIn the outcome document of the Rio 20 Conference, in 2012, entitled “The future we want”, and again in “Transformingour world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, in 2015, United Nations Member States decided that the HighLevel Political Forum on Sustainable Development would be informed by the Global Sustainable Development Report. Inthe Ministerial Declaration of the 2016 Forum, Member States decided that the report would be produced quadrenniallyby an independent group of scientists appointed by the United Nations Secretary-General and comprising 15 expertsrepresenting a variety of backgrounds, scientific disciplines and institutions, with geographical and gender balance.This report, The Future is Now: Science for Achieving Sustainable Development, is the first quadrennial Global SustainableDevelopment Report prepared by an independent group of scientists.Independent Group of Scientists 2019Co-chairs Peter Messerli (Switzerland), Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Switzerland Endah Murniningtyas (Indonesia), National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), Republic of IndonesiaMembers Parfait Eloundou-Enyegue (Cameroon), Department of Development Sociology, Cornell University, USA Ernest G. Foli (Ghana), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Forestry Research Institute, Ghana Eeva Furman (Finland), Finnish environment institute (SYKE), Finland Amanda Glassman (USA), Center for Global Development, USA Gonzalo Hernández Licona (Mexico), National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL),Mexico Eun Mee Kim (Republic of Korea), Graduate School of International Studies, Ewha Womans University, Republic ofKorea. Wolfgang Lutz (Austria), Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital, International Institute ofApplied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria Jean-Paul Moatti (France), Research Institute for Development (IRD), France Katherine Richardson (Denmark), Sustainability Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Muhammad Saidam (Jordan), Royal Scientific Society, Jordan David Smith (Jamaica), Institute for Sustainable Development, University of the West Indies (UWI) Jurgis Kazimieras Staniškis (Lithuania), Institute of Environmental Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology,Lithuania Jean-Pascal van Ypersele (Belgium), Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, BelgiumRecommended citation: Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General, Global SustainableDevelopment Report 2019: The Future is Now – Science for Achieving Sustainable Development, (United Nations, New York,2019).Cover design and graphics by Camilo J. SalomonCopyright 2019 United NationsAll rights reservedUnited Nations publication issued by the Department of Economic and Social AffairsReprinted 2019

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ivContentsGlobal Sustainable Development Report 2019

ContentsFOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiPREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiiiPROLOGUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvEXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xixCHAPTER ITHE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . .11.1 Understanding sustainable development in the 2030 Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31.2 Progress to date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81.3 Knowledge-based transformations for sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21CHAPTER IITRANSFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272.1 Lever 1 – Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292.2 Lever 2 – Economy and finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322.3 Lever 3 – Individual and collective action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342.4 Lever 4 – Science and technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.5 Entry point 1 – Human well-being and capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382.6 Entry point 2 – Sustainable and just economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502.7 Entry point 3 – Food systems and nutrition patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642.8 Entry point 4 – Energy decarbonization and universal access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752.9 Entry point 5 – Urban and peri-urban development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832.10 Entry point 6 – Global environmental commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942.11 Shared responsibility for transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106CHAPTER IIISCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113.1 The 2030 Agenda as a shared compass to harness advancesin science and technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153.2 Sustainability science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203.3 Partners for transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123CHAPTER IV CALL TO ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1274.1 Strengthening human well-being and capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1274.2 Shifting towards sustainable and just economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1284.3 Building sustainable food systems and healthy nutrition patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1294.4 Achieving energy decarbonization with universal access to energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1304.5 Promoting sustainable urban and peri-urban development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314.6 Securing the global environmental commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1324.7 Science and technology for sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1334.8 Not incremental change but transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135v

AFTERWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159ANNEXESANNEX IMINISTERIAL DECLARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195ANNEX II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203ANNEX IIIREVIEW PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211ANNEX IV INDEPENDENT GROUP OF SCIENTISTS 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215BOXESvi1-1 The Global Sustainable Development Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31-2 Interactions among Sustainable Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Figure source: Author’s calculation. For further details, see the repository of Sustainable Development Goals interactions on the Global Sustainable Development Report website.1-3 The Global Monitoring Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Figure source: United Nations, 20191-4 Other assessments of progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121-5 Tipping points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131-6 Small island developing States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141-7 Least developed countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151-8 The Global Sustainable Development Framework for knowledge-basedtransformations towards sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242-1 Political equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Figure source: Leininger, J., et al., 20192-2 The continuing significance of international financial cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332-3 Cognitive capacity for sustainable development choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352-4 Adaptive collaborative management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362-5 Widespread deprivations in safely managed drinking waterand sanitation services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402-6 Climate change disproportionately affects the most vulnerable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412-7 Ensuring refugees and migrants are counted and visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422-8 Tackling inequality is good for poverty reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Figure source: Lakner, et al., 20192-9 Private-sector innovations towards better health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452-10 Shifting behaviour for better health in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462-11 Mitigating health emergencies using emerging technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472-12 Measuring multidimensional poverty at the national level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482-13 Early childhood interventions build capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492-14 Partnerships for access to health care in Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502-15 Alternatives to GDP as a measure of progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522-16 Damage caused by fossil fuel subsidies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562-17 Carbon pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .572-18 Just transition for coal workers and communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59Global Sustainable Development Report 2019

2-19 Addressing the needs of the poor in a circular economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622-20 Stranded assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .632-21 Global surveillance system for crop diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662-22 ColdHubs solar-powered storage in Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712-23 Belo Horizonte urban food policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722-24 NutriFish in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .742-25 The water-food-energy-environment nexus in the Middle Eastand North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752-26 Expanding solar lighting and sustainable electricity access in urbanand rural Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .812-27 Holistic approach to promoting energy efficiency in Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .812-28 Nuclear energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822-29 Intersection of gender, health and energy in Indonesia: clean cookinginitiatives and fiscal sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83vii2-30 Future city growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882-31 Urban development opportunities in landlocked developing countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 892-32 Technology for sustainability in the cement industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Note In the outcome document of the Rio 20 Conference, in 2012, entitled “The future we want”, and again in “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, in 2015, United Nations Member States decided that the High-