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PharmacotherapyHandbookSeventh Edition

NOTICEMedicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experiencebroaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required.The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believedto be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete andgenerally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication.However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medicalsciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who hasbeen involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that theinformation contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and theydisclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtainedfrom use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged toconfirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example andin particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheetincluded in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain thatthe information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have notbeen made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection withnew or infrequently used drugs.

PharmacotherapyHandbookSeventh EditionBarbara G. Wells, PharmD, FASHP, FCCP, BCPPDean and ProfessorExecutive Director, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Pharmacy, The University of MississippiOxford, MississippiJoseph T. DiPiro, PharmD, FCCPProfessor and Executive DeanSouth Carolina College of PharmacyMedical University of South Carolina, Charleston,and University of South Carolina, ColumbiaTerry L. Schwinghammer, PharmD, FCCP, FASHP, BCPSProfessor and Chair, Department of Clinical PharmacySchool of Pharmacy, West Virginia UniversityMorgantown, West VirginiaCecily V. DiPiro, PharmDConsultant PharmacistMount Pleasant, South CarolinaNew York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico CityMilan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

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ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xTo the Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiSECTION 1: BONE AND JOINT DISORDERSEdited by Terry L. Schwinghammer1.2.3.4.Gout and Hyperuricemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Osteoporosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Rheumatoid Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31SECTION 2: CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERSEdited by Terry L. Schwinghammer5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.Acute Coronary Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60Cardiopulmonary Arrest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82Hyperlipidemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111Ischemic Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130Shock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156Venous Thromboembolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163SECTION 3: DERMATOLOGIC DISORDERSEdited by Terry L. Schwinghammer15. Acne Vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17916. Psoriasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18617. Skin Disorders and Cutaneous Drug Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196SECTION 4: ENDOCRINOLOGIC DISORDERSEdited by Terry L. Schwinghammer18. Adrenal Gland Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20319. Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21020. Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227v

ContentsSECTION 5: GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERSEdited by Joseph T. DiPiro and Terry L. Schwinghammer21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Constipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hepatitis, Viral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239250256263273Inflammatory Bowel Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nausea and Vomiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pancreatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Peptic Ulcer Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282294305314SECTION 6: GYNECOLOGIC AND OBSTETRIC DISORDERSEdited by Barbara G. Wells30. Contraception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32131. Hormone Therapy in Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34132. Pregnancy and Lactation: Therapeutic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . 353SECTION 7: HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERSEdited by Cecily V. DiPiro33. Anemias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36334. Sickle Cell Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371SECTION 8: INFECTIOUS DISEASESEdited by Joseph T. crobial Regimen Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377Central Nervous System Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Fungal Infections, Invasive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Gastrointestinal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired ImmuneDeficiency Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Intraabdominal Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Respiratory Tract Infections, Lower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Respiratory Tract Infections, Upper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sepsis and Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sexually Transmitted Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450456465478487493