X-ray Equipment Maintenance And Repairs Workbook

Transcription

X-ray equipmentmaintenanceand repairsworkbookforradiographers &radiological technologistsbyIan R McClellandChief technical support engineer (retired)Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory TechnologyEssential Health TechnologiesHealth Technology and PharmaceuticalsWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONGeneva

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataMcClelland,Ian R.X-ray equipment maintenance and repairs workbook for radiographers andradiological technologists / Ian R.McClelland.1.X-rays ��methods5.Problems and exercisesI.Title.ISBN 92 4 159163 3(NLM classification:WN 150) World Health Organization 2004All rights reserved.Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained fromMarketing and Dissemination,World Health Organization,20 Avenue Appia,1211 Geneva 27,Switzerland (tel: 41 22 791 2476;fax: 41 22 791 4857;email:bookorders@who.int).Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications—whether for sale or fornoncommercial distribution—should be addressed to Publications,at the above address (fax: 41 22 791 4806;email:permissions@who.int).The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organizationconcerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Dotted lines on maps representapproximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’products does not imply thatthey are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others ofa similar nature that are not mentioned.Errors and omissions excepted,the names ofproprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in thispublication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a resultof its use.The named authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication.EDesigned by minimum graphics,New ZealandTypeset by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd.,Hong KongPrinted by Interprint,Malta

CONTENTSiiiContentsIntroductory remarksAcknowledgementsvviPart I. �s own departmentPre test368Part II. Routine maintenance modules11Module 1.0 Routine maintenance overviewTask 1. Maintenance survey for an X-ray roomModule 1.1 X-ray generator maintenance,fixed installationTask 2. X-ray control familiarization.Part 1Task 3. X-ray control familiarization.Part 2Task 4. Test for X-ray tube overload calibration.Part 1Task 5. Test for X-ray tube overload calibration.Part 2Module 1.2 X-ray generator maintenance,mobile unitModule 1.3 X-ray generator maintenance,C D mobileModule 1.4 X-ray generator maintenance,portable unitModule 2.0 X-ray tube stand maintenanceTask 6. X-ray tube-stand maintenanceModule 2.1 X-ray tube maintenanceModule 2.2 Collimator maintenanceTask 7. X-ray tube and collimator maintenanceModule 3.0 Bucky table & vertical Bucky maintenanceModule 3.1 Tomography attachment maintenanceModule 4.0 Fluoroscopy table maintenanceModule 4.1 Fluoroscopy TV art III. Fault diagnosis and repair modules63Module 5.0 Common procedures,for fault diagnosis and repairsTask 8. Fuse identificationModule 6.0 X-ray generator repairs,fixed installationTask 9. No Preparation,Part 1Task 10.No Preparation.Part 2Task 11.No ExposureTask 12.X-ray output linearityModule 6.1 Mobile or portable-generator repairsModule 6.2 C D mobile repairsModule 7.0 X-ray tube stand repairsTask 13.Bucky tabletop and tube-stand centre65707186878889909499103

X-RAY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS WORKBOOKivEModule 7.1 X-ray tube repairsModule 7.2 Collimator repairsTask 14.Help! No spare globe for the collimatorModule 7.3 High-tension cable repairsModule 8.0 Bucky and Bucky table repairsTask 15.A film exhibits grid linesModule 8.1 Tomography attachment repairsModule 9.0 Fluoroscopy table repairsModule 9.1 Fluoroscopy TV repairsModule 10.0Automatic exposure control,operation and problems104110116117121126127130135140Part IV. Automatic film processor145Module 11.0Automatic film processor,routine maintenanceModule 11.1Automatic film processor repairsTask 16.Films appear too darkTask 17.Films exhibit symptoms of low fixerModule 11.2The Film ID printer147151156157158Part V. etryB.Recommended tools and test equipmentC.Graphs,check sheets and record sheetsD.Routine maintenance check sheetsE.X-ray equipment operationF.Teaching techniquesG.Health and safetyPart VI. Post test and glossary257Post testGlossary259262

X-RAY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS WORKBOOKvIntroductory remarksThis document,which is developed by the International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technologists(ISRRT) under the umbrella of the WHO Global Steering Group for Education and Training in Diagnostic Imaging,is the second in a series targeting technical aspects,including quality control of diagnostic imaging services.Thedocument is primarily aiming at assisting radiographers and radiological technologists working in small and midsize hospitals where resources often are limited,to optimize and improve diagnostic imaging,and to ensure thebest possible use of resources according to local needs.The document can be obtained by contacting the following address:Team of Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Technology (DIL)World Health Organization20,Avenue AppiaCH-1211 Geneva 27SwitzerlandFax: 41 22 7914836e-mail:ingolfsdottirg@who.intHarald Ostensen, MDGeneva,July 2004

X-RAY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS WORKBOOKviAcknowledgementsFor their considerable input and assistance in producing this workbook,special thanks are due to:Peter J Lloyd,Peter Hayward,Brett Richards,Sue Salthouse,Peter K Mutua,M Jean Harvey,Leonie Munro,Martin K West,Jiro Takashima,and to Graham English.E

PART IIntroduction

E

PART I. INTRODUCTION3IntroductionIt is preferred to call this a workbook rather than amanual or textbook, because the intent is to, not onlygive technical information, but to set practical exercises that students can work through, responding tospecific questions. Above all, the students should feelthat they have actually carried out the tasks themselves and will be more confident to teach others andensure that these exercises continue to be carried outin their respective areas.The topic of this workbook is routine maintenanceand repairs. The material is designed to assist in themaintenance of equipment, and provide guidelines forlocating equipment problems. In many cases thiswill allow local correction of fault situations. Whereexternal assistance is required, good communicationof the diagnosed problem will assist in reducing delay,or multiple service calls.Routine maintenanceThe overall maintenance programme; put in placeto ensure that a comprehensive range of maintenance procedures are systematically carried out.Fault diagnosis and repairsThe means by which the cause of incorrect equipment operation may be located. This includesadjustment where required, and simple repairs.A Routine Maintenance Programme should be comprehensive, looking at all aspects of the work involvedin ensuring equipment is properly maintained, andcapable of producing accurate results. Such a programme can be cost effective, and contribute tominimum failure of equipment. By encouraging localstaff to be actively involved in maintenance or minorrepairs, delays and expensive service calls may be considerably reduced.The ultimate responsibility for setting up, running,evaluating and taking remedial action lies with thehead of department, although appropriate delegationmay be necessary. It is important that someoneaccepts that responsibility and ensures that theprogramme happens effectively.This workbook will be used by radiographers andradiological technologists as well as other medicaland technical staff members involved in diagnosticimaging, to: achieve a good working knowledge of equipmentmaintenance routines;adopt a logical and practical approach to diagnosing equipment problems;on returning to their respective areas after completed training, teach other members of their staffto carry out the routines or techniques that theyhave learned;assist in establishing, or implementing, a suitableroutine maintenance programme;be encouraged to directly carry out adjustmentsor minor repairs, or provide suitable assistance toother staff as needed;provide accurate reporting of problems to seniorsor service engineers;assist in establishing criteria for equipment replacement, where it is not cost effective to continuemaintenance.Expected benefitsIt is expected that after going through the trainingand experiences discussed in this workbook, theknowledge and skills will be put into practise. If so: Heads of departments will find that the standardof radiography will be maintained at the highestlevel.There will be fewer equipment failures. This reducescosts.Where a failure does occur, local hospital staff maybe able to repair without an expensive service call.When an external service call is required, the servicetechnician can arrive fully informed to deal with thesituation, together with appropriate equipment orparts. This will reduce the possibility, and expense,of repeated visits.

X-RAY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS WORKBOOK4 Where work is carried out by an external serviceorganization, the maintenance inspection will ensurethis has been carried out fully and effectively.Work environments will be improved. Tasks willbecome easier.Repeat films will be kept to a minimum. Staff jobsatisfaction will increase.Patients will receive less radiation and lessinconvenience.A record and audit trail will exist as proof of highstandards.Achieve some of these, and this workbook has beenworthwhile!What this workbook aims to achieve Provide the knowledge and skills required for maintenance of imaging equipment.Increase awareness, interest and understanding ofmaintenance issues.Enable radiographers to establish and continue tocarry out an effective preventive maintenanceprogramme.Provide the knowledge tools to assist in diagnosingequipment problems.Provide the knowledge and encouragement to carryout adjustments and minor repairs.Raise equipment performance standards.Reduce maintenance and service costs.Reduce the possibility of equipment malfunctioncausing injury.Improve job satisfaction through correctly functioning equipment.Summary of the content ofthis workbook E Background information.A questionnaire seeking information about eachstudent, and their own department.A pre test of student’s knowledge.13 modules related to routine maintenance of X-rayequipment.14 modules concerned with fault diagnosis andrepairs.A separate module, concentrating on the filmprocessor.A revision of X-ray equipment design and operation.17 tasks the student must perform.A list of suitable tools and test equipment, and howto make simple test tools.Useful charts and forms. Copies of routine maintenance check sheets.Advice on teaching methods.Health and safety issues.A post test of student’s knowledge.Glossary of terms.Reference list.How to use this workbookThe entire workbook can be used for self-study orself-assessment, ideally as working material during awork shop or a seminar with individual tutors for thestudents. In either case, however, the book shouldbe approached as indicated below.The section headed STUDENT’S OWN DEPARTMENT, should be completed by the student beforecommencement of the study or course. This takes theform of a questionnaire which, when completed shouldgive the tutor a background knowledge of the studentand their work environment. This background information will allow the tutor to apply the correct emphasis when providing and supervising the training.The student must complete a PRE TEST prior tostarting the course. This is an assessment of thestudent’s relevant knowledge before the course. Thiswill be compared to the results of a similar POST TESTcompleted by the student after completion of thecourse. These tests are for student information andcourse evaluation only and are not used in studentassessment.The section on TEACHING TECHNIQUES first givesa broad overview of teaching methods. This is followedby the recommended approach to teaching with thisworkbook. Both tutor and student should read thissection. This is a reprint from the WHO ‘Quality assurance workbook’ and is included here for convenience.The section on HEALTH AND SAFETY draws attention to all the health and safety issues appropriateto an X-ray department and how to make the workenvironment a safe and healthy one. This is an extractfrom the WHO ‘Quality assurance workbook’, edited foruse with this workbook.The workbook is divided into modules The modules are in three groups.a. Routine maintenance of X-ray equipment.b. Fault diagnosis and repairs of X-ray equipment.c. The automatic film processor, routine maintenance, fault diagnosis and repairs.The student should work through one module at atime, studying the technical information and testingmethods.

PART I. INTRODUCTION5 Note. Although the modules are designed as individual projects, due to the complexity of this workbook, it will be necessary at times to refer to othermodules. Where this is required, a note is insertedpointing to the first page of the reference module.At the end of each module, tasks have been set.Thestudent must carry out each task and answerthe questions asked, and the teacher/tutor whereavailable, will comment or correct these.The APPENDICES contain information on makingsimple test tools, report forms, record sheets, andtest result she

maintenance of equipment, and provide guidelines for locating equipment problems. In many cases this will allow local correction of fault situations. Where external assistance is required, good communication of the diagnosed problem will assist in reducing delay, or multiple service calls. Routine maintenance The overall maintenance programme;put in place