Transcription
Physics Reference Tables*Contents:Table A. Metric Prefixes . 1Table B. Physical Constants. 2Table C. Quantities, Variables and Units . 3Table D. Mechanics Formulas and Equations . 4Table E. Approximate Coëfficients of Friction . 4Table F. Angular/Rotational Mechanics Formulas andEquations . 5Table G. Moments of Inertia . 5Table H. Heat and Thermal Physics Formulas and Equations . 6Table I. Thermal Properties of Selected Materials . 6Table J. Electricity Formulas & Equations . 7Table K. Electricity & Magnetism Formulas & Equations . 8Table L. Resistor Color Code . 8Table M. Symbols Used in Electrical Circuit Diagrams . 8Table N. Resistivities at 20 C . 8Table O. Waves & Optics Formulas & Equations . 9Figure P. The Electcromagnetic Spectrum . 9Table Q. Properties of Water and Air . 10Table R. Absolute Indices of Refraction . 10Table S. Fluid Mechanics Formulas and Equations . 11Table T. Planetary Data . 11Table U. Sun & Moon Data . 11Table V. Atomic & Particle Physics (Modern Physics) . 12Figure W. Quantum Energy Levels . 12Figure X. Particle Sizes . 13Figure Y. Classification of Matter. 13Table Z. The Standard Model of Elementary Particles . 13Figure AA. Periodic Table of the Elements . 14Table BB. Symbols Used in Nuclear Physics . 15Table CC. Selected Radioisotopes. 15Table DD. Constants Used in Nuclear Physics . 15Figure EE. Neutron/Proton Stability Band . 15Table FF. Geometry & Trigonometry Formulas . 16Table GG. Values of Trigonometric Functions . 17Table HH. Some Exact and Approximate Conversions. 18Table II. Greek Alphabet . 18 Move Decimal Point to the Left Move Decimal Point to the Right SymbolYZEPTGMkhda—dcmμnpfazy decicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto * Data1024102110181015101210910610310210110010 110 210 310 610 910 1210 1510 1810 2110 24 Factor1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0001 000 000 000 000 000 000 0001 000 000 000 000 000 0001 000 000 000 000 0001 000 000 000 0001 000 000 0001 000 0001 0001001010.10.010.0010.000 0010.000 000 0010.000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 Table A. Metric Prefixesfrom various sources, including: The University of the State of New York, The State Education Department. Albany, NY,Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics, 2006 sics-rt/physics06tbl.pdf,SparkNotes: SAT Physics website. ics/,The Engineering Toolbox: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com,and The College Board: Equations and Constants for AP Physics 1 and AP Physics 2.
Physics Reference TablesPage 2Table B. Physical ConstantsDescriptionacceleration due to gravity / strength ofgravity field on Earth’s surfaceSymbolgCommonApproximation9.8 sm2 9.8 kgNPrecise Value9.7639 sm2 to 9.8337 sm2average value at sea level is 9.806 65 sm2universal gravitational constantG6.673 84(80) 10 11speed of light in a vacuumc299 792 458 ms *elementary charge (proton or electron)e 1.602176 634 10 19 C*3.00 10 8elementary charges o8.854 187 82 10-12(magnetic) permeability of a vacuum o4 10 7 1.256 637 06 10 -6electrostatic constantkh1 universal (atomic) mass unit (u)8.85 10 12A2 s4kg m31.26 10 6T mA1 8.987 551 787 368 176 4 10 94 oN m2 *C29.0 109A2 s 4kg m3T mANm 2C21.602 176 565(35) 10 19 J1.6 10 19 J6.626 070 15 10 34 J s*6.6 10 34 J s931.494 061(21)MeV/ c21.660 538 921(73) 10 27 kg931MeV/c21.66 10 27 kg6.02 1023 mol 1Avogadro’s constantNA6.022 140 76 1023 mol 1 *Boltzmann constantkB1.380 649 10 23 KJ *universal gas constantRJ8.314 4621(75) molK Rydberg constantRHStefan-Boltzmann constantσstandard atmospheric pressureat sea levelms6.24 1018elementary charges(electric) permittivity of a vacuumPlanck’s constantNm 2kg2 1.6 10 19 C6.241 509 074 101 electron volt (eV)26.67 10 11Nm kg22181 coulomb (C)or 10 sm 10 kgNme e 4 10 973731.68 o2h3c1.38 10 23JK8.31 molJ K1.1 107 m 11m2 5R4 5.670 374 419 10 815h3c2Jm2 s K45.67 10 8Jm2 s K4101 325 Pa 1.01325 bar*100 000 Pa 1.0 barrest mass of an electronme9.109 382 15(45) 10 31 kg9.11 10 31 kgmass of a protonmp1.672 621 777(74) 10 27 kg1.67 10 27 kgmass of a neutronmn1.674 927 351(74) 10 27 kg1.67 10 27 kg*denotesan exact value (by definition)
Physics Reference TablesTable C. Quantities, Variables and UnitsQuantitypositiondistance/displacement, (length, height)angleareavolumetimevelocityspeed of lightPage 3VariablexMKS Unit Namemeter*MKS Unit SymbolmS.I. Base Unitmd , d ,( , h)meter*mmθAVtradian, degreesquare metercubic meter, litersecond*—, m2m3s—m2m3svmeter/secondmsmscangular velocityωradians/second1 , s 1s1 , s 1saccelerationacceleration due to gravity / gravitational fieldagmeter/second 2newton/kilogramm N,s 2 kgms2angular accelerationαradians/second21 , s 2s21 , s 2s2massmkilogram*kgkgforceFnewtonNkg ms2pressurePpascalPakgm s 2jouleJkg m 2s2energy (generic)potential energykinetic energyheatEUK , EkQworkWjoule , newton-meterJ , N mkg m 2s2torqueτnewton-meterN mkg m 2s2powerPwattWkg m 2s3momentumpimpulsemoment of inertiaJInewton-secondN skg mskilogram-meter 2kg m2kg m2angular momentumLnewton-meter-secondN m skg m2sfrequencywavelengthperiodindex of refractionelectric currentelectric chargeelectric potentialpotential difference (voltage)electromotive force bHzms—ACs 1ms—AA svoltVkg m 2A s 3electrical resistanceRohmΩkg m 2A 2 s 3capacitanceCfaradFA2 s4m2 kgelectric fieldEnetwon/coulombvolt/meterN, VC mkg mA s 3magnetic fieldBteslaTkgA s 2temperatureTkelvin*amount of substancenmole*luminous intensityIvcandela*Variables representing vector quantities are typeset in bold italics.Kmolcd* S.I. base unitKmolcd
Physics Reference TablesPage 4Table D. Mechanics Formulas and Equations d x x x oKinematics(Distance,Velocity &Acceleration)x xo d v o v vave.tt2 v v v o at x x o d v o t 12 at 2v 2 v o2 2ad F Fnet maForces &DynamicsF f s FNFg mg Circular/CentripetalMotion &Forceac Gm1 m2r22vrFc macT SimpleHarmonicMotionF f k FNTs 2 1fLmTp 2 kg F s kxU s 12 kx 2p mv mi vi m f v fMomentumJ p Fnet tGm1 m2Ug mgh rp22mW E (K U)K 12 mv 2 Energy, Work& Powervar. name of quantity (unit) change in something(E.g., x means change in x) sumd distance (m)d displacement (m)x position (m)t time (s)v velocity( )msvave. average velocitya acceleration(( )( )ms2f frequency Hz 1sms)F force (N)Fnet net force (N)Ff force due to friction (N)Fg force due to gravity (N)FN normal force (N)m mass (kg) coefficient of friction*(dimensionless)θ angle ( , rad)k spring constant( mN )x displacement of spring (m)L length of pendulum (m)E energy (J)K E k kinetic energy (J)U potential energy (J)h height (m)Q heat (J)P power (W)W work (J, N m)T (time) period (Hz)p momentum (N s)J impulse (N s) pi (mathematical constant) 3.14159 26535 89793.g acceleration due to gravity 10 m2 on Earthsg strength of gravity fieldN on Earth 10 kgG gravitational constant 6.67 10 11 N m22kgr radius (m)W Flld F d Fd cos Etotal U K ( Q .)P W F v Fv cos tTable E. Approximate Coëfficients of FrictionSubstanceStatic (μs)rubber on concrete (dry)0.90rubber on concrete (wet)rubber on asphalt (dry)0.85rubber on asphalt (wet)rubber on icesteel on ice0.03waxed ski on snow0.14aluminum on aluminum1.2cast iron on cast iron1.1steel on steel0.74copper on steel0.53diamond on diamond0.1diamond on metal0.1–0.15*characteristic property of a substance (to be looked up)Kinetic bstancewood on wood (dry)wood on wood (wet)wood on metalwood on brickwood on concreteTeflon on TeflonTeflon on steelgraphite on steelleather on woodleather on metal (dry)leather on metal (wet)glass on glassmetal on glassStatic 9–1.00.5–0.7Kinetic (μk)0.300.040.040.4
Physics Reference TablesPage 5Table F. Angular/Rotational Mechanics Formulas and Equationsvar. name of quantity (unit) θ θ θoAngularKinematics(Distance,Velocity &Acceleration)θ θo θ ωo ω ωave.tt2 ω ω ωo αt θ ωot 12 αt 2ω2 ωo2 2α( θ) s r vT rω aT rαCircular/CentripetalMotionac v2 ω2 rr 0 ω0t 21 α t 2 mi x i miI mr r dmx cm RotationalDynamics2m20Fc mac mrω2 rF sin r F τ τ net I ατ r FSimple rgy, Work &Power1 2 f ωx Acos(2 ft) T L r p IωL rp sin Iω L τ tK r 12 I 2K Kt K r 12 mv 2 12 I 2WR change in something (E.g., x change in x) sums arc length (m)t time (s) ac centripetal acceleration m2 s Fc centripetal force (N)m mass (kg)r radius (m)r radius (vector)θ angle ( , rad)ω angular velocity( )rads α angular velocity rad s2 τ torque (N m)x position (m)f frequency (Hz)A amplitude (m) phase offset ( , rad)E energy (J)K Ek kinetic energy (J)Kt translational kinetic energy (J)K r rotational kinetic energy (J)P power (W)W work (J, N m)p momentum (N s)L angular momentum (N m s)WP tTable G. Moments of InertiaPoint Mass:I mr 2Hollow Cylinder: I mr 2Solid Cylinder:I 12 mr 2Hoop About Diameter:I 12 mr 2Hollow Sphere:I 23 mr 2Solid Sphere:I 2 mr 25Rod About the Middle:I 1 mr 212Rod About the End:I 13 mr 2
Physics Reference TablesPage 6Table H. Heat and Thermal Physics Formulas and Equationsvar. name of quantity (unit)T F 1.8(T C ) 32TemperatureQ mC TQmelt m H fusQboil m HvapC p Cv R L Li THeat Stefan-Boltzmann constant change in something (E.g., x change in x)T F Fahrenheit temperature ( F)T C Celsius temperature ( C)T temperature (K)Q heat (J, kJ)m mass (kg)T(K) T C 273.15 V Vi TC specific heat capacity*Q T 1 kA A TtLRi(Q εσAT 4t conductivity*P1V1 P2V2 T1T2(m2 s K4V volume (m3 ) linear coëfficient of thermal expansion* ( C 1 ) volumetric coëfficient ofkJ , Jkg C g Ct time (s)L length (m)k coëfficient of thermalJ 5.67 10 8 thermal expansion* ( C 1 )P pressuren (number of) moles)R gas constant 8.31 molJ KJ , Wm s C m CkB Boltzmann constant 1.38 10 23 KJ)U internal energy (J)W work (J) emissivity* (dimensionless)PV nRT P V nR TThermodynamicsPV NkBT P V NkB T U Q WU 3 nRT2 U 23 nR T*characteristic property of a substance (to be looked up)W (PV ) P VSubstanceTable I. Thermal Properties of Selected MaterialsHeat of Specific HeatThermalHeat ng BoilingationCpk m sJ CPointPoint ΔH fus ΔHvapkJJ( C)( C),kJ J(,kg g) (kJ J,kg g)(kg C g C)()at 25 Cblack body 10.024250—0.09*air (gas)aluminum (solid)—659—2467—395—10460at 25 C1.0120.897ammonia (gas) 75 33.333913694.70.024argon (gas)carbon dioxide (gas) 189 186 7829.51610.5200.839copper (solid)108611871345063brass (solid)diamond (solid)—3550—4827—10 000ethanol (liquid) 11778glass (solid)gold (solid)—1063granite (solid)Coefficients of Expansionat 20 CLinear-1α ( C )Volumetricβ ( C -1 )———2.3 10 5—6.9 10 5—0.0160.0146——————0.3854010.03*1.7 10 55.1 10 5—30 0000.3800.50912022000.03*—1.9 10 51 10 65.6 10 53 10 61048582.440.171—2.5 10 47.5 10 .025*1240———0.7901.7–4.00.968.5 10 61.4 10 5—2.55 10 54.2 10 5—helium (gas)hydrogen (gas)— 259 269 —iron (solid)1535275028963600.450800.311.18 10 53.33 10 5lead (solid)mercury (liquid)327 39175035724.711.38702930.1600.1403580.06—46–68 300 210—2.50.25—2.9 10 56.1 10 5—8.7 10 51.82 10 4—962221211123600.2334290.025*2.0800.016—1.8 10 5—5.4 10 5—01004.1810.580.952.112.186.9 10 5—2.07 10 4—paraffin wax (solid)silver (solid)steam (gas) @ 100 Cwater (liq.) @ 25 Cice (solid) @ 10 C574—3342260—0.97*polished surface
Physics Reference TablesPage 7Table J. Electricity Formulas & Equationskq q1 q1 q 2Fe 12 2 4 o r 2rE Electrostatic Charges& Electric FieldsFeQ q oAE kq1 q V r 2 4 o r 2 rW q E d qEd qEd cos V W1 q E d Ed q4 o r UE q V V I RUE I IRkq 1 q2r Q V tR( V )2RW Pt I VtP I V I 2R Circuits andElectricalComponentsR AdQ C VC oPtotal P1 P2 P3 Pi UiUtotal U1 U2 U3 Itotal I1 I2 I3 Vtotal V1 V2 V3 Requiv. R1 R2 R3 Vi RiQ total Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 11111 C total C1 C 2 C 3CiItotal I1 I2 I3 Ii Vtotal V1 V2 V3 Parallel Circuits(or Parallel Sectio
Physics Reference Tables Page 5 Table F. Angular/Rotational Mechanics Formulas and Equations Angular Kinematics (Distance, Velocity & Acceleration) ' E E E o ' o. 2 a o tt ve E E E ' r o t ' 1 2 E r o tt 2 22 '2 ( ) r o E var. name of quantity (unit) m s 2 change in
