Contents - School Of Criminology And Criminal Justice

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ContentsForewordRevisiting City Gangs. 12Walter Miller the Scholar and the Person.15Making City Gangs a Book .16Putting City Gangs in Context .17Concordance with Current Gang Research .18Discordances with Contemporary Research .25The Gangs of City Gangs .26How to Read City Gangs .26Conclusion .27References. .28Chapter OneAn Urban Lower Class Community . 30Introduction .30Midcity in the 1950’s .33What is a Lower-Class Community? .40Population and Age Distribution .48Table 1.1 Population by Type Classes, Midcity and Port City .49Population and Sex Distribution .49Table 2.1 Population by Sex and Age, Midcity and Port City .50Race, National Origin, and Religion .52Table 3.1 Negroes and Foreign Born, Midcity and Port City .53Educational Status .57Table 4.1 Adult Educational Status, Midcity and Port City .59Occupational Status .59Table 5.1 Male Occupational Status, Midcity and Port City .63Income .63Table 6.1 Income Status: Midcity and Port City 1950 and 1960 .661

Summary: Demographic Characteristics of Midcity .66Social Status Levels within a Lower Class Community .67Chart 1.1 Defining Criteria of Social Status Levels .72Demographic Characteristics of Different Social Status Levels .72Population, Education, and Occupation .73Table 7.1 Midcity Population by Social Status Level .74Age and Social Status .74Table 8.1 Age and Social Status in Midcity .75Sex, Family Heads, and Social Status .76Table 9.1 Female Prevalence, Family Heads, Marital Status & Family Size by SocialStatus Level .79Race, National Origin, and Social Status .81Table 10.1 Race, National Origin and Social Status .82Table 11.1 Race, Social Status, and Selected Demographic Characteristics .86Income and Social Status.87Table 12.1 Income and Social Status .88Unemployment and Social Status .90Table 13.1 Male Unemployment and Social Status .90Housing and Social Status .91Table 14.1 Renting, Room Occupancy and Rent by Social Status .92Status Levels, Cutting Points and Subcultures .95Summary: The Urban Lower Class Community as an Organized Form .98Chapter TwoThe Evolution of an Urban Lower Class Community . 1041630-1780: An English Country Village: Farm Laborers, Craftsmen, Servants, andSlaves .1071780-1840: A Pre-industrial-revolution Mill and Market Town - Artisans, Mill Workers,and Paupers .1211840-1880: A Small Industrial City- Native and Immigrant Laborers .1271880-1910: A Classic Urban Slum- English, Irish, Jews and Negroes .133The Persistence of a Lower Class Subculture in Midcity .160Economic and Ecological Articulation: The Keystone of Subcultural Persistence .1632

Chapter ThreeThe Persistence of Lower Class Subculture . 171Stability and Adaptivity Processes: The Mechanisms of Subcultural Persistence .171Economic-ecological Flexibility: Generalism and Intermittency .171Class Stability via Ethnic Replacement .177The Exodus of Higher Status Populations .182Lower Class Subculture as an Intrinsic Component of a Viable Societal Adaptation .190Chapter FourYouth Crime in an Urban Lower Class Community . 205The Gang and “Normality” .207Gangs and Race.213The “Solidarity” of the Gang .218The Gang as “Conventional” .230Summary: The Urban Adolescent Street Gang as a Stable Associational Form .231General Characteristics of the Urban Adolescent Street Gang .232The Gang as a Persisting Form .234What is a Gang? .237The Urban Adolescent Street Gang: Defining Criteria.240Chart 1.4 The Urban Adolescent Street Gang: Defining Criteria .241Variation in Gang Characteristics.248Perception and Gang Prevalence .257Characteristics of City Gangs .264Status Characteristics and Illegal Involvement .266Age-status of Gang Members .269Table 1.4 Seven Intensive-Study Gangs: Age Status .270Social Status of Gang Members .271Table 2.4 Seven Intensive Study Gangs: Social Status .272Chart 2.4 Defining Criteria of Social Status Levels – Gang as Unit .281Illegal Involvements by Gang Members .283Table 3.4 Seven Intensive Study Gangs: Illegal Involvements Ranged by Frequency .285Illegal Involvement and Gang Characteristics .2853

Table 4.4 Seven Intensive Study Gangs: Status Characteristics and Illegal Involvement.286Chapter FiveThe Corner Gangs of Midcity . 291Table 1.5 Corner Gangs and Gang Subunits in Three Study Neighborhoods .311Table 2.5 The Seven Intensive Study Gangs .312The Bandit Neighborhood .314Relations among Bandit Subdivisions .322The Senior Bandits .324Law Violation, Cliques, and Leadership .326The Junior Bandits .335Law Violation, Cliques, and Leadership .336The Molls .343Law-Violation, Cliques, and Leadership .345The Outlaw Neighborhood .353Relations Among Outlaw Subdivisions .357The Senior Outlaws .362Law Violation, Cliques, and Leadership .363The Junior Outlaws .371Law Violation, Cliques, and Leadership .372The Royal Neighborhood.378Relations Among Royal Subdivisions .381The Kings .382Law Violation, Cliques, and Leadership .385The Queens .394Law-violation, Cliques, and Leadership .397Chapter SixMale Adolescent Crime and Demographic Characteristics . 405Legend for Table 1.6 .411Table 1.6 Demographic Characteristics Showing Poor Association with Juvenile CourtRates: 1950 - 1960 .4124

Table 2.6 Demographic Characteristics Showing Good Association with Court Rates:1950 - 1960.416Demographic Correlates and Subculture Bases of Delinquency .417Male Adolescent Crime and Demographic Change .428Changes in Demographic Features .430Trends in Crime Rates .435Table 3.6 Male Adolescent Co

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