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Types of Drugs: Depressants Depressants are used to relieve anxietyand produce sleep. Depressants reduce body functions suchas heart rate. Overdose can cause coma and death. Mixing depressants with other drugs oralcohol can increase their effects andhealth risks.

Types Of Drugs: Depressants Varieties of Depressants: AlcoholBarbiturates: “downers” such asPhenobarbital and Methaqualone (alsocalled Quaaludes, illegal)Anti-psychotic and anti-anxiety drugsincluding benzodiazepines such asDiazepam (Valium)Inhalants (“huffing”)Sedatives, muscle relaxers, etc.Marijuana and opiates (like morphine) arealso considered depressants.

Types of Drugs: Stimulants Stimulants increase feelings of energyand alertness while suppressing fatigueand appetite. Also called “uppers.” Depression often results as the drugwears off. Stimulants are highly addictive. Overdose can result in irregular heartbeat, heart attack, stroke, seizures,coma, and death.

Types of Drugs: Stimulants Varieties of Stimulants Amphetamines, also called “speed.”Cocaine, including crack cocaine Derivedfrom the South American coca plant Addictions to cocaine are very difficult toovercome Methamphetamines, also called “meth.” Typicallymethamphetamines are more potentand dangerous than amphetamines

Meth Addiction

Types of Drugs: “Club Drugs” Club drugs are called such becausethey are most often used at nightclubs,bars, and raves (all night dance parties) Varieties of Club Drugs” Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (akaMDMA or Ecstasy) Chronicuse can cause body systembreakdown, severe brain damage, memoryloss, and seizures Ketamine or “Special K” is an animalanesthetic used by veterinarians

Types of Drugs: “Club Drugs” Date Rape Drugs are called thatbecause they are often associated withdrug-facilitated sexual assault, rape, androbbery. These drugs can produce increasedlibido and depress the central nervoussystem, resulting in loss ofconsciousness and memory. Varieties include GHB and Rohypnol(also called “Roofies”)

Types of Drugs: AnabolicSteroids Anabolic Steroids promote cell division andtissue growth Athletes may take steroids to increase musclemass Anabolic steroids are chemically related totestosterone Side effects include liver malfunction, cancer,breast development in males, masculinizingeffects in females, diminished sex drive inmales, unpredictable moods (“roid rage”),personality changes, depression, hypertension,and high cholesterol

How are Illicit Drugs Controlled? Title 21 United States Code ControlledSubstance Act Section 801 Controlled substances are put into one of fiveschedules. Schedule I Heroin, LSD, MarijuanaSchedule II Cocaine and MethamphetamineSchedule III Anabolic steroids and Aspirin orTylenol with CodeineSchedule IV Darvon and Valium Schedule V OTC Cough Medicines with Codeine

How are Illicit Drugs Controlled? Title 21 United States Code ControlledSubstance Act Section 801 Controlled substances are put into one of fiveschedules. Schedule I Heroin, LSD, MarijuanaSchedule II Cocaine and MethamphetamineSchedule III Anabolic steroids and Aspirin orTylenol with CodeineSchedule IV Darvon and Valium Schedule V OTC Cough Medicines with Codeine

Be careful All of these drugs, even the legal ones,can have harmful side effects. Overdosecan be deadly. Assignment: Drug Brochures

Poisons!

Toxins and Poisons A poison is any substance that causesdisturbance to an organism More specifically, a toxin is poisonproduced naturally by an organism Examples: snake venom, poison ivy

Is it a poison? Arsenic Found in the foods we eat and the water we drinkMay have a positive affect on humans; arsenicdeficiency stunts growth in chickens, rats, pigs, andgoatsUsed to treat a rare form of cancerUsed as a poison to kill people Oxygen, Water, Aspirin, Alcohol, Food

Measuring Toxicity Lethal dose (LD50): theamount of substance thatkills half of the testpopulation within fourhours; it is measured inmilligrams (mg) ofsubstance per kilogram(kg) of body weight Estimating lethal dose inhumans is uncertain;measurements usuallycarried out in lab geons75Rats53

Toxicity Classes and DefinitionsLD50(rats, oral)Correlation to 150 lbadult humanToxicity 1 mg/kgA taste to a dropExtremely1 – 50 mg/kgA teaspoonHighly50 – 500 mg/kgAn ounceModerately500 – 5,000mg/kg5 – 15 g/kgA pintSlightlyA quartPractically nontoxic 15 g/kgMore than a quartRelatively harmless

Some Lethal DosesSubstancesSucroseLD50(rats, oral)mg/kg29,700Vitamin icmetal7,0604,2203,000SubstancesCaffeineLD50(rats, oral)mg/kg192Arsenic trioxide14.6ArsenicpentoxideSodium cyanide86.4Ricin0.020Botulin toxin0.000005763

Effect of Poisons on the BodyPoisonSymptomsLyeCharacteristic burns around mouthand lipsCarbon monoxideSulfuric AcidHydrochloric acidRed or bright pink patches on thechest and thighs; bright red lividityBlack vomitGreenish-brown vomitNitric AcidCyanideYellow vomitBurnt almond smellArsenic, mercuryPronounced diarrheaMethyl (wood) alcoholand rubbing alcoholNausea and vomiting,unconsciousness, and blindness

Intake of Poisons Poisons enter and affect the body indifferent ways: Ingestion (poisons are eaten) 90%of all poisonings involve childrenswallowing household products or medicine Inhaled Example: carbon monoxide, sarin nerve gasInjected Heroine Absorbed (through skin, eyes, or mucousmembranes) Poisonsumac

Poisons: Pesticides Pesticides are by definition poisons asthey are used to kill organisms thatthreaten plants such as food crops Example: DDT (for mosquitoes) These chemicals lead to an excess ofthe neurotransmitter acetylcholine Overdose can lead to muscle spasms,seizures, anxiety, rapid heartbeat,sweating, diarrhea, and at highconcentrations coma and death

Poisons: Heavy Metals Metal compounds can enter the body byingestion, inhalation, or absorptionthrough the skin or mucous membranes Metals are stored in soft body tissuesand damage organs Examples: LeadMercuryArsenicCyanideStrychnine

Poisons: Heavy Metals Arsenic Poisoning Within 30 minutes: abdominal pain, severenausea, vomiting and diarrhea, musclecramps, convulsions, kidney failure,delirium, and death. Cyanide Poisoning Can be fatal in 6-8 minutes.Signs of poisoning include weakness,confusion, coma, pink skin, and analmond-like odor.

Lead Poisoning Lead compounds are not highly poisonous Taste sweet Metallic lead is insoluble, but in acidic water and food, the lead canbecome slightly soluble Chronic exposure is a health problem for many Americansespecially children Brain damageAffects memory or thought processes Lead-based products 38 millions houses have lead-based paint (prominent until the late70s) Leaded gasoline (banned in 1995) still remains in soils Lead pipes (banned in 1986) in older houses and towns Solder joints in older houses Leaded crystal and ceramics

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Carbon Monoxide (CO) binds with hemoglobin in red bloodcells and does not allow the cells to carry O2. Death byasphyxiation follows. CO saturation of 50-60% is considered fatal in middle-agedpeople In conjunction with a BAC of 0.20, CO saturation of 35-40% is fatalChain smokers normally have a CO saturation of 8-10% CO from automobile fumes is a common way to commitsuicide Enough CO accumulates in 5-10 minutes to cause death Death from fire or foul play High CO levels in victims of a fire is proof that the person was alivewhen the fire began and died from the combustion products of the fire

Poisons: Bioterrorism Agents A bioterrorism attack is the deliberaterelease of viruses, bacteria, toxins orother harmful agents used to causeillness or death in people, animals, orplants. Examples include: RicinAnthraxMustard Gas usedin World War I A man-made gas Forms large blisters on exposed skin and thelungs

Poisons: Bioterrorism Agents Ricin comes from castor beans. Can be inhaled as a mist or powder, oringested in foodAmount the size of a pin head can be deadly!Within a few hours of exposure the victimmay die Ifinhaled effects include fever, cough, nausea,sweating, low blood pressure, fluid in the lungs,and death If ingested effects include vomiting diarrhea,dehydration, low blood pressure, hallucinations,seizures, and death

Poisons: Bioterrorism Agents Anthrax poisoning is caused by the sporesof the bacteria Bacillus anthracis Anthrax can enter the body throughinhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption Symptoms depend on exposure type: Inhalation: flu-like symptoms that becomeprogressively worse and usually result indeath.Ingestion: vomiting, fever, abdominal pain,and severe diarrhea. 25 - 60% fatal.Skin: itchy bumps that develop into sores witha black center. Death is rare with appropriatetreatment.

Government Agencies thatRegulate Toxins The Food and Drug Administration (FDA):deals with pharmaceuticals, food additives, andmedical devices The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):works on agricultural and industrial chemicalsreleased into the environment The Consumer Product Safety Commission:concerned with toxins in consumer products The Department of Transportation (DOT):watches over the shipment of toxic chemicals The Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA): concerned withexposure to chemicals in the workplace

Warning Labels Material Safety DataSheets (MSDS) Chemical IdentityHealth Hazard DataManufacturer informationPrecautions for Safe Handlingand UseHazardous ingredientsExposure controls/personalprotectionPhysical and chemicalpropertiesFire and Explosion HazardData Transportation Placards Four digit number refers to thespecific chemical carried inside Class refers to the type ofchemical inside the vehicle Class 1 ExplosivesClass 2 Compressed GasesClass 3 Flammable LiquidsClass 4 Flammable SolidsClass 5 OxidizersClass 6 PoisonsClass 7 RadioactiveMaterialsClass 8 Corrosive Liquids

Drug Control Laws There are varying levels and penaltiesbased on: manufacture vs. distribution vs. possessiontype, amount, concentration

Controlled Substance Act The Controlled Substances Act – thefederal law that establishes fiveclassifications (“schedules”) of controlleddangerous substances on the basis of adrug’s potential abuse, potential forphysical and psychological dependence,and medical value The U.S. Attorney General has theauthority to add, delete, or reschedule adrug as needed

Controlled Substances ActSchedule I High potential for abuse no currently accepted medical use in theU.S. Examples: heroin, marijuana (somestates), methaqualone, LSD

Controlled Substances ActSchedule II High potential for abuse some accepted medical use with severerestrictions, potential for severe physiological andpsychological dependence Examples: morphine, cocaine, methadone,PCP, most amphetamine preparations,most barbiturate preparations, and medicalmarijuana (some states)

Controlled Substances ActSchedule III Less potential for abuse currently accepted medical use potential for low to moderatephysiological and high psychologicaldependence All barbiturates not included in ScheduleII, such as codeine preparations andanabolic steroids

Controlled Substances ActSchedule IV Low potential for abuse current medical use Examples: tranquilizers such ValiumSchedule V Low abuse medical use less potential for dependence than Schedule IV Examples: Robitussin cough syrup, nonnarcotic medicinal ingredients and some opiatedrug mixtures in low concentrations

Criminal Penalties Schedule I and II have the most severepenalties The Controlled Substance Act controlssubstances that are chemically similar orrelated to controlled substances such as“designer drugs” It also regulates the manufacture anddistribution of chemical compounds usedby clandestine labs to make drugs

Testing for Drugs

Color Tests Used for SCREENING ONLY Marquis Reagent- Purple forHeroin, morphine, and mostopiates, Orange-brown foramphetamine andmethamphetamine, Black forMDMA

Marquis Reagent

Dillie-Koppanyi Turns violet-blue in the presence ofbarbiturates

Duquenois-Levine Two step test for marijuana,results in a purple color

Scott Test Add cobalt thiocyanate turns blue in thepresence of cocaine and then pink whenHCl is added

Microcrystalline Tests This is a CONFIRMATION test, but notcommonly used in the lab too difficult, requires lots of training,drug must be extremely pure Based on the color and shape of crystalsformed when different reagents areadded

Microcrystalline Tests

Chromatography A physical method of separation Components partition between twophases Stationary phase—doesn’t move Mobile phase—does move Solutes are separated due todifferences in how they interact withthe two phases

The separation process Sample components are carried bya mobile phase through a bed ofstationary phase Individual substances are slowedby the stationary phase based onvarious interactions such as surface adsorption relative solubility charge

The separation processCompound A has a greater affinity for the stationary phasethan compound B and, therefore, will take longer to elute(that is, have a greater retention time).Mobile PhaseAA AAAAB BBB BBB BB BBStationary PhaseBATime

Thin layer chromatography(TLC) Stationary phase is solid coated ontosurface of glass Mobile phase is liquid or liquid solution Analyte is introduced as spot at bottomof TLC plate Mobile phase carries up plate bycapillary action Detection by UV or color spray

Diagram of TLC ExperimentSamplespotVery thin coatingof silica gel oraluminaRising solvent;original spot hasseparated intoseveral spots

TLC results

TLC results

Gas Chromatography Stationary phase is viscous liquid coated onto solid substrateMost stationary phases are capillarycolumnsMobile phase is an inert gas underpressure; usually nitrogen or heliumSubstances must be thermally stableMeasures retention time

Diagram of gaschromatograph

Chromatogram of Organic Compounds from FermentedCabbage

Chromatogram of Orange JuiceCompounds

Gas Chromatography Analyte is usually solid or liquid Liquids directly injected with syringe Solids are dissolved in solvent and theninjected Analyte is vaporized and mixed with mobilephase in injector Injector is heated to 25 degrees abovemaximum column temperature Usually micrograms of analyte are sufficient

Stationary phase Usually a thin walled capillary coatedwith viscous liquid. May be 3-60 meterslong Heated to 300 degrees C maximum The higher the temperature, the fasterthat substances will elute but fast elution rates mean poorerresolution Separation is based on mass action andpolarity

Separation of analytecomponents Mass action: heavier molecules travelmore slowly Polarity: stationary phase is polarrelative to mobile phase. Stationaryphase polarity is chosen to complimentpolarity of analyte components. Nonpolar analytes are better separated bynonpolar stationary phases

Detection of GC Peaks Detector must be able to detect changein vapor composition at microgram tonanogram level. Detectors enable bothquantitative and qualitative analysis Qualitative: retention time characteristicof substance but not dispositive Quantitative: Area under peak isproportional to amount of substancepresent

Gas Chromatography - MassSpectrometry Mass spectrometer is detector for GC GS separates components of mixture. Each component is sent to massspectrometer

Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometer bombardsanalyte component with beam ofelectrons Molecule breaks apart into stable,reproducible fragment ions by loseof electron Pattern of fragments can ID themolecule

Spectroscopy SPECTRUM: series of colors, includingthose beyond the visible, produced bydispersion of radiated energy. SPECTROSCOPY (n): The branch ofscience dealing with the theory andinterpretation of spectra. It is the studyof the interaction of electromagneticradiation with the quantized energystates of matter.

Theory of Spectroscopy Spectroscopy is based upon thefact that there is a quantizedenergy transfer between radiationand matter The energy of light affected by thistransfer reveals information aboutthe structure and environment ofthe matter in question

Electromagnetic spectrum Gamma raysX-RaysGammaRaysVisibleUVMicrowaveIRRadio X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Microwave Radio10-1110-910-710-510-3Wavelength (cm)10-11010 3

Interactions of matter andlightIn forensic science, we are more concerned withwhat happens to a substance when it is exposedto light of much lower frequencies and energies.There are two principle regions of light that aremost important in characterizing evidenceUltraviolet/visible (UV/vis)Infrared (IR)

Ultraviolet light and matter All compounds have color They absorb more or less light of awavelengthWe only perceive color in the visible range400-800 nm Light appears uniform but is reallycomposed of many colors White light can be broken down into itscomponent colors with a prism

Roy G Biv

Pigments “make” the color Molecules absorb light ofspecific energy orwavelength Wavelength of lightabsorbed depend onelectronic structure ofmolecule Pigments and dyes of inkare designed to absorb invisible range

UV/Vis Spectrophotometry Measures the absorption of UV or visiblewavelengths of light and produces agraph called an absorption spectrum Not specific enough for 100%confirmation- some compounds withsimilar chemical structures will give verysim

What is toxicology? Toxicology is the study of drugs and poisons, and their interactions with or effects on the body Forensic Toxicology is the application of toxicology to the law, including Workplace or Forensic Dru