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th 2020 Yale-G First Aid (7 Edition)Chapter 1: Infectious DiseasesYale-G First Aid:Crush USMLEStep 2 CK and Step 3(Seventh Edition)Yale Gong, MDFormer Assistant Professor of NeurologyUSUHS, Bethesda, Maryland

th 2020 Yale-G First Aid (7 Edition)Copyright 2021, 2019, 2017, 2015, 2013, 2010 by Yale Gong in the United States of America.All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by anymeans without prior written permission from the copyright owner. Copyright infringement willface serious legal consequences!Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, USAGong, YaleYALE-G FIRST AID: CRUSH USMLE STEP 2CK AND STEP 3 (7th Edition)/ By Yale Gong.p. ; cm.ISBN13: 978-1637957585The Seventh Edition, Updated as of May, 2021Publisher:Primedia eLaunch LLC and www.usmle-yaleg.comContact: yaleg.usmle@gmail.comCover design: Elias Dhali and Yale Gong

th 2020 Yale-G First Aid (7 Edition)ReviewersMagdalini Tsintou, MDNeurologist and FacultyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MassachusettsMatthew A. Warner, MDAnesthesiologist and FacultyMayo Medical School & Mayo ClinicRochester, Minnesota

th 2020 Yale-G First Aid (7 Edition)AcknowledgmentsGenuine thanks to Dr. Mary Bah, Dr. Angela Pronger, Dr. T-T Nguyen, Dr. Zak Ahmed, Dr.Bharati Nikhare, Dr. Adeleke Adesina, www.uptodate.com, and other professional friends andsources for their important support of this highly challenging and valuable book!“Those who sow in tears will reap with songs of joy.”

th 2020 Yale-G First Aid (7 Edition)PrefaceThe seventh edition of “Yale-G First Aid: Crush USMLE Step 2 CK & Step 3” has been continuouslyupdated from the previous editions. According to the large volume of feedbacks on Amazon and to ourauthor team from medical students and doctors in the US and around the world, this book has collectedthe most up-to-date, comprehensive, and high-yield clinical knowledge (CK) for the USMLE Step 2 CKand Step 3 as the best-rated one in the USMLE market. This book can be the equivalent of “First Aid forthe USMLE Step 1” for the USMLE Step 2 CK. Important features of this book include:1. Systematic, comprehensive, and concise reviews of most diseases and disorders that arefrequently tested in the USMLE Step 2 CK and Step 3. They are composed of important concepts,etiologies, essentials of diagnoses, differential diagnoses, treatments, and preventive measures.2. Well-organized contents in easy-to-remember formats, abbreviations, and more than 100 tablesand figures with summaries and differential diagnoses, and with necessary details of high-yield “orderlysteps” in the diagnosis and management of major diseases. Most important clinical points are in“PEARLS”, underlined, and bolded as priority contents.3. 800 high-yield clinical questions in USMLE format to help you digest the fundamentalknowledge.4. 130 high-yield clinical color images with brief diagnostic features (in the back of book to cutcost) for deeper digestion and memory of the associated fundamental clinical knowledge.After thorough digestion of this book followed by practice with the best Q-bank on UWorld.com andNBME.org Self-Assessments, with note-taking, you are ready to crush the USMLE Step 2 CK and Step 3with high scores!This book is your ticket to the USMLE and ECFMG Certification! It can also be a powerfulstudy aid in medical school education in the US and around the world. The author’s team takes allfeedbacks and corrections positively and thankfully with rewards and maintains monthly updating in thenew Kindle version on Amazon.com to make it better and better for the USMLE clinical knowledge.Best wishes to all who appreciate this book!Yale Gong, MDWashington, D.C.*www.usmle.org: “USMLE Step 3: Examinees are seeing increased numbers of items that assess anexpanded range of competency-based content, including foundational science essential for effectivehealthcare; biostatistics, epidemiology, and population health; literature interpretation; medical ethics; andpatient safety.”

th 2020 Yale-G First Aid (7 Edition)Table of ContentsChapter 1: INFECTIOUS DISEASES (Suggested range according to usmle.org: 7-8%) .1PEARLS—High-yield Applications of Antibiotics .1EYE, EAR, NOSE AND THROAT INFECTIONS .5RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS . 10INFECTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) . 19GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT INFECTIONS . 23VIRAL HEPATITIS . 25UROGENITAL INFECTIONS AND SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD) . 30UROGENITAL INFECTIONS . 30SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD) . 33OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS (OIs) . 40BLOOD INFECTIONS AND RELATED DISEASES . 42BONE, JOINT AND MUSCLE INFECTIONS . 46ARTHROPOD-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIONS . 49Chapter 1: High-yield Questions (HYQ) . 54Chapter 2: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (Suggested range: 10-11%) . 71CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS . 72ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE (IHD)—CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD) . 75DYSLIPIDEMIA . 88SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION . 89PULMONARY HEART DISEASE . 94ENDOCARDIAL AND VALVULAR HEART DISEASES . 95VALVULAR HEART DISEASES . 95CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES . 104MYOCARDIAL DISEASES. 111PERICARDIAL DISEASES . 115VASCULAR DISEASES . 119Chapter 2: High-yield Questions (HYQ) . 122Chapter 3: RESPIRATORY DISEASES (Suggested range: 7-8%). 134GAS EXCHANGE DISORDERS AND RESPIRATORY FAILURE . 135OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASES . 137RESTRICTIVE AND INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES . 143ALVEOLAR FILLING DISEASES . 148

th 2020 Yale-G First Aid (7 Edition)DISEASES OF THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE . 150PLEURAL DISEASES . 153NEOPLASMS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT . 154MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES . 158Chapter 3: High-yield Questions (HYQ) . 159Chapter 4: DIGESTIVE AND NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS (Suggested range: 9-10%) . 166DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS . 166DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AND DUODENUM. 173DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS . 178DISEASES OF THE GALLBLADDER . 181DISORDERS OF THE LIVER . 185GENETIC BILIRUBINEMIA . 192DISORDERS OF THE INTESTINE . 193INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) . 197NEOPLASMS OF THE INTESTINE . 201HEMORRHAGE OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT . 203MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES . 205NUTRITIONAL MEDICINE AND DISORDERS . 208Chapter 4: High-yield Questions (YHQ) . 215Chapter 5: ENDOCRINOLOGY (Suggested range: 7-8%) . 223DISORDERS OF GLUCOSE AND FAT METABOLISM . 223PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES . 228DISORDERS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY LOBE . 229DISORDERS OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY LOBE . 232DISEASES OF THE THYROID . 234DISORDERS OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS . 242DISORDERS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND . 245HYPOGONADISM . 250Chapter 5: High-yield Questions (HYQ) . 252Chapter 6: HEMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS (Suggested range: 9-10%) . 259ANEMIAS . 259NEUTROPENIA (LEUKOPENIA) . 270COAGULOPATHY . 271PLATELET DISORDERS . 275

th 2020 Yale-G First Aid (7 Edition)HEMATOPOIETIC NEOPLASMS . 276MYELOID NEOPLASMS . 282MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPNs) . 283PLASMA CELL DISORDERS . 289IMMUNOLOGIC DISEASES . 292ALLERGIC DISEASES . 292PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS . 293TRANSPLANTATION MEDICINE . 296Chapter 6: High-yield Questions (HYQ) . 298Chapter 7: RENAL, UROGENITAL, ACID-BASE, AND ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS(Suggested range: 8-9%) . 307ACID-BASE DISORDER . 307TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASES . 308GLOMERULAR DISEASES . 312ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS . 317NEPHROLITHIASIS . 320RENAL CYSTIC DESEASES . 321UROGENITAL NEOPLASMS . 322MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS . 328Chapter 7: High-yield Questions (HYQ) . 331Chapter 8: MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES (Suggested range: 8-9%) . 338ARTHRITIS . 339DEGENERATIVE AND CRYSTAL-INDUCED ARTHRITIS . 339SERONEGATIVE ARTHRITIS . 342AUTOIMMUNE CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES . 343VASCULITIS SYNDROMES . 349PAIN SYNDROMES . 355SPORTS MEDICINE — SPORTS INJURIES . 363MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES . 366ORTHOPEDIC NEOPLASMS . 370Chapter 8: High-yield Questions (HYQ) . 372Chapter 9: NEUROLOGY AND SPECIAL SENSES (Suggested range: 9-10%) . 380NEUROLOGICAL TRAUMA AND INJURY . 380

th 2020 Yale-G First Aid (7 Edition)HEAD TRAUMA . 380SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI) . 382CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES (STROKE) . 385ISCHEMIC STROKE . 385HEMORRHAGIC STROKE . 388EPILEPSY AND SEIZURE DISORDERS . 390HEADACHE . 393NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS . 394CENTRAL NERVOUS MYELINOPATHIES . 400PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES . 402CENTRAL NERVOUS MOVEMENT DISORDERS . 404INTRACRANIAL NEOPLASMS . 406MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS . 408VERTIGO AND DISEQUILIBRIUM . 410HEARING DISORDERS . 412OPHTHALMOLOGY—VISUAL DISORDERS . 413Chapter 9: High-yield Questions (HYQ) . 417Chapter 10: DERMATOLOGY (Suggested range: 5-6%) . 428COMMON TERMINOLOGY AND LESIONS IN DERMATOLOGY . 428DERMATOLOGIC INFECTIONS . 429VIRAL INFECTIONS . 429BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. 432FUNGAL INFECTIONS . 435PARASITIC INFECTIONS . 437IMMUNE-MEDIATED SKIN DISEASES . 438DYSPLASIAS AND NEOPLASIAS . 445MISCELLANEOUS SKIN DISORDERS . 451Chapter 10: High-yield Questions (HYQ) . 453Chapter 11: GYNECOLOGY (Suggested range: 7-8%). 459AMENORRHEA AND RELATED DISORDERS . 459ABNORMAL UTERINE-VAGINAL HEMORRHAGE . 463GYNECOLOGIC INFECTIONS . 465GYNECOLOGIC NEOPLASMS . 467UTERINE NEOPLASMS . 467

th 2020 Yale-G First Aid (7 Edition)CERVICAL AND VAGINAL NEOPLASMS . 469OVARIAN MASSES . 472OVARIAN NEOPLASMS . 473BREAST DISEASES . 475MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS . 478CONTRACEPTION . 480Chapter 11: High-yield Questions (HYQ) . 481Chapter 12: OBSTETRICS (Suggested range: 5-6%) . 488PHYSIOLOGY OF NORMAL PREGNANCY . 488NORMAL LABOR . 496ABNORMAL LABOR . 497MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY . 500OBSTETRICAL COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY . 504POSTNATAL (PUERPERIUM) . 510TERATOLOGY . 512Chapter 12: High-yield Questions (HYQ) . 513Chapter 13: PEDIATRICS (Suggested range: 9-10%) . 519NEWBORN DISEASES . 519DEVELOPMENT AND RELATED PROBLEMS . . 532PEDIATRIC NUTRITION AND RELATED DISORDERS. . 532PEDIATRIC INFECTIONS . 532CONGENITAL INFECTIONS . 532VIRAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN . 534RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN . 535CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES . 537GENETIC SYNDROMES. 541GENETIC METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES . 542LYSOSOMAL AND GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASES . 543Chapter 13: High-yield Questions (HYQ) . 545Chapter 14: EMERGENCY MEDICINE (Suggested range: 5-6%) . 552SHOCK AND CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION . 552ALTERED MENTAL STATUS . 553ANAPHYLAXIS . 555

th 2020 Yale-G First Aid (7 Edition)TOXICOLOGY . 556INTOXICATIONS OF SPECIAL TOXIC SUBSTANCES . 557INTERACTION, INTOXICATION AND DETOXIFICATION OF DRUGS . 562THERMAL INJURIES . 566DROWNING . 568VENOMOUS BITES . 569Chapter 15: SURGERY (Suggested range: 10-11%) . 570TRAUMA AND INJURY .

and Step 3 as the best-rated one in the USMLE market. This book can be the equivalent of “First Aid for the USMLE Step 1” for the USMLE Step 2 CK. Important features of this book include: 1. Systematic, comprehensive, and concise reviews of most diseases and disorders that are frequently t